vol. 14 núm. 1 (2016)

<em><strong>Objective</strong><em> To evaluate the progression of myopia, in a period of six months, in myopic children between ages 6 and 10. <em><strong>Materials and method</strong><em> A sample of 30 myopic children was selected, who underwent refraction under cycloplegia and keratometry, using Autorefractor Keratometer URK700. These tests were repeated after six months. The Wilcoxon test and Student’s t-test were used for statistical analysis. <em><strong>Results</strong><em> The general progression of myopia was –0.08 to –0.09 diopters, in a period of six months, with statistically significant values. Female children had a progression of –0.04 diopters, higher than males. The age group of 6 to 8 years had a progression of –0.07 to –0.09 diopters, higher than the age group of 9 to 10 years, values that are statistically, but not clinically, significant. The high myopia group had a greater progression: between –0.35 and –0.47 diopters, with statistically significant differences compared to low and medium myopia groups, which are clinically very important results. <em><strong>Conclusions</strong><em> This study shows that there was a progression in myopia in children of ages 6 to 10, over a period of six months. Female children showed greater progression than males, and high myopia had a greater progression than low and medium myopia. Therefore, it is essential to perform a complete eye exam at early ages, taking into account pathological eye conditions that generate high myopia, in order to face new optometric challenges regarding the control of myopia in children.

<em><strong>Objective:</strong></em> To gather information on the genetics of primary open-angle glaucoma for gene identification that would allow the design an early diagnosis tool for better disease management. <em><strong>Materials and <em><strong>Methods:</strong></em></strong></em> A systematic primary literature search was performed in databases such as PubMed, SciELO, and Elsevier additionally, references from various texts were used for terminologies, charts and tables on different types of glaucoma, in order to determine the characteristics, differential diagnosis and identification of genes associated with the development of primary open-angle glaucoma. The selected information corresponds to the period 2010-2015. <em><strong>Conclusions:</strong></em> Primary open-angle glaucoma is a disease that, in most cases, depends on a dominant pattern of inheritance, mainly characterized by two genes: myocilin (MYOC) and optineurin (OPTN) this results in the identification of six loci associated with this disease. It is also associated with other pathologies that are risk factors for glaucoma, such as high myopia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ethnicity, among other systemic manifestations. Similarly, it is important to remember that it affects the quality of life and it is a public health problem.

This article presents the preliminary results of the doctoral thesis entitled “The quality of life in the city of Bogotá: An evaluation based on the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI),” which aims to determine how large agglomerations benefit or work against the quality of life of human beings, based on the case study of Bogotá between 2003 and 2011. Bogotá has experienced significant population and economic growth since the end of the 20th century. This boom has allowed an improvement in the quality of life of its inhabitants, as evidenced by an analysis of MPI results, after disaggregating data by dimensions and indicators, as well as according to the neighborhoods that form the city of Bogotá. Despite the progress, the city faces the challenge of eliminating serious socio-spatial segregation for this reason, public policies aiming to generate social equity need to be strengthened.

<em><strong>Objective</strong><em> To design a methodology to assess the impact of processes in the value chain of costs billed to third-party payors for drugs with greater participation in the total turnover of a health institution. <em><strong>Methodology</strong><em> It was based on the theory of value chain, defined by Michael Porter. To this effect, by analyzing information reported by the health service provider institution (IPS), a first documentary stage established the drugs with greater participation in billing, through the Pareto principle. <em><strong>Results</strong><em> Based on the analysis of the processes in the value chain of hospital drugs, a formula was proposed to identify those with the most influence on the final cost. <em><strong>Conclusions</strong><em> Based on the analysis of all processes in the value chain, this methodologically sound formula constitutes a tool that allows to take actions for a continuous improvement, leading to cost reduction and the generation of added value.

This study arose from an interest in bioethics training programs in health sciences. <em><strong>Objectives:</strong><em> Based on the analysis of courses, it aims to identify aspects that motivate teaching, as well as issues, evaluation and teaching-learning strategies (TLS), and recommendations for improving teaching and learning in this field. <em><strong>Methodology:</strong><em> Literature search and selection of articles in different databases, such as SciELO, PubMed, and EBSCO. <em><strong>Results:</strong><em> 37 articles and additional information from other documents were included. <em><strong>Conclusions:</strong><em> Courses respond to ethical issues raised by the advance of science and technology, changes in context, changes in health systems, protection of the welfare and quality of life of patients, and the need to strengthen principles and values related to professionalism and identification, reasoning and moral decision-making. The issues were in tune with these motivations. The TLSs were: case studies, use of texts, multimedia and information and communication technology (ICT), problem-based learning, casuistry, and e-learning. There was little evidence on evaluation and this was no different from traditional evaluations based on instruments. Some guidelines for the qualification of educational processes in bioethics in health sciences were proposed.

This study aims to determine the factors that contribute to the failure to report an incident or adverse event by health personnel, and to characterize the failure to report by functional units in order to guide intervention strategies and to improve safety culture. It is a descriptive-analytical study. To the effect, health personnel from an accredited third-level institution in Bogotá was selected as target population. The total number of surveys was determined by statistical sampling methodology this allowed data collection based on the application of a survey to healthcare and administrative staff at the health institution, which helped to determine factors influencing the failure to report incidents and adverse events. Among the most relevant results, it was found that the reporting form is too complicated that there is no feedback to the staff when reported incidents and adverse events are analyzed and that the staff is worried about disciplinary measures the institution might take when analyzing cases.

<em><strong>Objective</strong><em> To establish a standardization protocol for Randot 2^® and Color Vision Testing Made Easy^® (CVTME^®), in order to use them as benchmark tests within the protocol of the Ibero-American Network of Visual and Ocular Health (REISVO). <em><strong>Methodology</strong><em> Clinical trials with methodological support, expert judgment, standardization of tests, and organization of pretest and pilot test were selected. A descriptive observational design was used for diagnostic test. The pilot test was conducted in 19 school children between ages 5 and 15 the assessment was carried out at the Optometry Clinic of the Universidad de La Salle. <em><strong>Results</strong><em> In the CVTME^® test, intra- and inter-examiner correlation provided a good degree of agreement among the observations: repeatability, reproducibility, and responsiveness to the test were 100%. In the Randot 2^® test, intra- and inter-examiner correlation provided a degree of agreement between low and good responsiveness to the test was 100%. <em><strong>Conclusions</strong><em> Data on agreement were good the intermediate precision level in the Randot 2^® test represents relative accuracy, both individually and in group. The CVTME^® test is robust and is not sensitive to external factors while the Randot 2^® test is sensitive to external factors, affecting measurement.

Cyclosporine-A is an immunomodulator for topical use in the treatment of dry eye its use has anti-inflammatory therapeutic action and few adverse effects. <em><strong>Objective</strong><em> To determine significant changes in symptomatology, quantity and quality of tear film, and ocular surface status after three months of treatment with cyclosporine-A 1% in patients with moderate to severe dry eye. <em><strong>Materials and methods:</strong><em> A controlled, blind, randomized intervention study was developed with 34 patients diagnosed with moderate to severe dry eye cyclosporine-A 1% was administered in a randomized manner to 18 patients (magistral formula) and carboxymethylcellulose 0.5% to 16 patients. The following pretreatment and post-treatment tests were performed: OSDI questionnaire, Schirmer II test, Tear Break-Up Test (TBUT), lissamine green staining, and conjunctival impression cytology. <em><strong>Results:</strong><em> After treatment with cyclosporine-A 1% statistical differences (p < 0.05) were found in symptomatology, the Schirmer test, lissamine green staining, and impression cytology. In the group treated with carboxymethylcellulose 0.5%, significant differences (p < 0.05) after treatment were only evidenced in symptomatology and conjunctival impression cytology. <em><strong>Conclusions:</strong><em> Cyclosporine-A 1% treatment reduces clinical signs and symptoms in patients with moderate to severe dry eye.

<em><strong>Objective</strong><em> To identify the professional and career expectations of Bachelor of Optometry students at the Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Mexico. <em><strong>Materials and methods</strong><em> The study was based on interviews that allowed to identify the expectations of students in their last semester of the Optometry program. Participating students were selected for convenience, i.e., three groups in their eighth semester were invited to participate in the research, and they had free choice and no obligations. <em><strong>Results</strong><em> The study showed that students are ignorant of the labor field and, therefore, their expectations are vague additionally, it evidenced the lack of vocational orientation in high school and the lack of guidance regarding their labor projection during the BA of Optometry program, or, worse, that they had low grade averages that did not allow them to study their first choice. <em><strong>Conclusions</strong><em> Students should be informed during the BA program about the labor field they will face and that their training will make a difference in patient care similarly, it is recommended for them to professionalize in order to stay updated, as well as to pursue graduate studies to develop scientific research.