vol. 13 núm. 1 (2015)

<em><strong>Objective</strong><em> To quantify the ocular biometric parameters, the corneal biomechanical properties, the anatomical configuration of the optic nerve and the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in a group of children through non-invasive techniques. <em><strong>Material and methods</strong><em> A cross-sectional, descriptive and non-randomized study was conducted in 293 healthy Caucasian children between the ages of 6 and 17. The subjects were divided according to refractive error. <em><strong>Results</strong><em> A statistically significant correlation was found between axial length (AL) and corneal hysteresis (CH) (p < 0.001). CH decrease was also found with increasing myopia, and CH increase with increasing hypermetropia (p < 0.001). In the posterior segment, a positive correlation was found between the average thickness of the RNFL and the CH (p = 0.01). Likewise, a decrease in the average thickness of the RNFL was observed with the increased AL (p < 0.001) and myopia (p < 0.0001). <em><strong>Conclusions</strong><em> The mechanical strength of the anterior segment of the eye is affected in myopic subjects at early ages and in severe myopia, regardless of age. Lower CH values, in addition to a reduction in the corneal viscoelastic damping capacity, indicate the existence of a more easily deformable optic nerve, together with a thinning of the RNFL, especially in myopic children. This study provides normal values of these parameters and makes it possible to correlate them with refractive errors.

Según las estimaciones más recientes de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), cerca de 314 millones de personas en el mundo presentan discapacidad visual, debido a enfermedades oculares o a errores de refracción no corregidos. De estas personas, 45 millones son ciegos y el 90 % vive en países con ingresos bajos. Las principales causas de ceguera son catarata (39 %), errores refractivos no corregidos (18 %), glaucoma (10 %), degeneración macular asociada a la edad (7 %), opacidad corneal (4 %), retinopatía diabética (4 %), tracoma (3 %), afecciones oculares infantiles (3 %) y oncocercosis (0,7 %).

<em><strong>Objective</strong><em> To compare the effect of the new sunglasses with certification of retinal safety (RSC) and the traditional sunglasses on visual function. <em><strong>Materials and methods</strong><em> Thirty-six (36) people were assessed (44 ± 14 years) by means of binocular assessment and the usual optical compensation. The sunglasses were characterized by means of the Humphrey spectrophotometer (Zeiss). The main difference between the new RSC sunglasses and traditional sunglasses is in the selective absorbance of short wavelengths, which reduces attenuation of the other bands to achieve a better sight and which maintains the protective effect. The visual function aspects assessed were logMAR visual acuity (VA), stereoacuity (SA), color perception and contrast sensitivity function (CSF). <em><strong>Results</strong><em> The logMAR VA and SA values with the RSC solar filter are similar to those obtained without the filter however, with the traditional sun filter, both variables decrease significantly. Color discrimination decreases with both filters, which is a far superior loss with the traditional filter (45 %) compared to the RSC filter (5%). <em><strong>Conclusions</strong><em> Due to the high level of light exposure, it is essential to protect the sight through solar optical filters for this purpose, lenses that provide comfort, good visibility and protection for ocular tissues are necessary. Accordingly, a new optical filter has been designed and developed, which improves visibility and comfort while maintaining sun protection, and at the same time optimizes VA, SA and CSF and maintains color perception.

<em><strong>Objective</strong><em> To characterize the visual and ocular morbidity of the population treated in the Pacific region, based on the reports from the individual records of the provision of health services (RIPS), years 2009-2010. <em><strong>Methods:</strong></em> descriptive retrospective observational study the analyzed data was obtained from the 2009 and 2010 RIPS. For statistical analysis, sociodemographic variables (age, gender, insurance and geographic region) and clinical variables (regrouping of ICD-10 codes in Reisvo coding) were taken into consideration through descriptive statistics and frequency tables. <em><strong>Results</strong><em> The most frequent ocular and visual disorders found in the Pacific region in 2009 and 2010 were disorders of the conjunctiva (39.9%) and accommodation and refractive disorders (28%). They are mostly reported in females between the ages of 15 and 44. It was also found that the most common health regimes in this region are the subsidized and contributive schemes. <em><strong>Conclusions</strong><em> The most frequent visual and ocular abnormalities in the departments of the Pacific region between 2009 and 2010 are disorders of the conjunctiva and accommodation and refractive disorders.

<em><strong>Objective</strong><em> To characterize the visual and ocular morbidity of the population treated in Colombia based on the reports from the individual records of the provision of health services (RIPS), Chapter VII of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Version (ICD-10), years 2009-2010. <em><strong>Materials and methods</strong><em> A descriptive retrospective observational study was conducted of the visual and ocular morbidity of the population treated in Colombia according to the RIPS reports the 58 diagnostic codes were reclassified into 18 categories, according to the Reisvo classification the demographic variables of age, gender and health protection scheme were taken into consideration, as well as the clinical variable of diagnosis code univariate and bivariate analysis were performed. <em><strong>Results</strong><em> 775,989 RIPS from 2009 and 1,605,714 from 2010 were analyzed, corresponding to Chapter VII of ICD-10 most of them were female, 54.3% from 2009 and 58.4% from 2010. The predominant health scheme was the contributive scheme, with 73% for both years. The most frequent diagnostic groups in 2009 were disorders of the conjunctiva (55.9 %), accommodation and refractive disorders (23.1 %), eyelid disorders (9.9%), blindness and decreased visual acuity (2.2 %) for 2010, they were: accommodation and refractive disorders (44 %), disorders of the conjunctiva (23.4 %), eyelid disorders (4.4 %), blindness and decreased visual acuity (3.8 %) and glaucoma (3.7 %). <em><strong>Conclusions</strong><em> The most prevalent diagnoses in the two years evaluated were: accommodation and refractive disorders, and disorders of the conjunctiva.

<em><strong>Objective</strong><em> To determine the frequency of visual and ocular disorders in the departments of Amazonas, Arauca, Caqueta, Casanare, Guainia, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupes, Vichada and Guaviare, for years 2009-2010. <em><strong>Methods</strong><em> descriptive retrospective observational study the population included 65,945 individual records from the provision of health services (RIPS). For statistical analysis, the following variables were taken into consideration: age, gender, socioeconomic level, insurance, geographic region, diseases of the eye, and ocular adnexa (Chapter VII of the list of the International Classification of Diseases [ICD-10]). Descriptive statistics, frequency tables, morbidity indexes and prevalence rates were used. <em><strong>Results</strong><em> Amongst the visual and ocular disorders described in the RIPS, most of the records found were for the average number of diagnosis of disorders of the conjunctiva in 2009 and 2010, with 59% and 34%, respectively. On a second instance, 22% of accommodation and refractive disorders was found in 2009, with an increase up to 36% for 2010. Such diagnoses were more frequent in the age group of 15-44 years, in both years. <em><strong>Conclusions</strong><em> The most common eye diseases were anterior segment disorders, mostly of the conjunctive type, and the most common refractive error in the diagnosis group of accommodation and refractive disorders were presbyopia and astigmatism.

<em><strong>Introduction</strong><em> Severe refractive errors are risk factors for amblyopia. The most accurate way to detect them is with a complete visual and ocular examination including cycloplegic retinoscopy. <em><strong>Objective:</strong></em> To compare the PlusoptiX Screening Test with cycloplegic retinoscopy to assess significant refractive errors between the ages of 4 and 18. <em><strong>Methods</strong><em> PlusoptiX was used in a sample of 220 children from several schools in Cartagena. For statistical analysis, the paired difference test was used with the SAS 9.4 software with ≈ 0.05, in order to compare median values (Wilcoxon) and cumulative distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) between the two techniques. Nominal values were also generated between the ranges considered as clinically important of ±0.50 and ± 1.00 D. In addition, sensitivity and specificity of the PlusoptiX instrument were calculated in order to discover significant refractive errors compared with cycloplegic retinoscopy. <em><strong>Results</strong><em> In the assessed children, hypermetropia > +3.50 D was detected at 4.5% myopia > –3.00 at 0.04 % astigmatism > -1.50 D at 15.9%, anisometropia > 1.50D at 3.2 % with cycloplegic retinoscopy. Concordance between PlusoptiX and retinoscopy was ±0.50 at 34.7-41% in sphere values and ±0.50 at 57.7-61.3% in cylinder values. The best sensitivity was 72%, with a specificity of 61%. <em><strong>Conclusions</strong><em> PlusoptiX yielded different results from cycloplegic retinoscopy and can be used to facilitate screening however, attention to its low sensitivity and specificity is required.

<em><strong>Objective</strong><em> To characterize the visual and ocular morbidity of the population treated in eastern Colombia, based on the reports from the individual records of the provision of health services (RIPS), Chapter VII of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Version (ICD-10), years 2009-2010. <em><strong>Materials and methods</strong><em> A descriptive retrospective observational study was conducted of the visual and ocular morbidity of the population treated. <em><strong>Results</strong><em> 343,219 RIPS from 2010 and 768,561 from 2009 were analyzed, corresponding to Chapter VII of ICD-10 most of the RIPS were female, with 54% in 2009 and 58.2% in 2010. The most frequent diagnostic groups in 2009 were disorders of the conjunctiva (52.6 %), accommodation and refractive disorders (26.8 %), eyelid disorders (9.5%), disorders of the lacrimal apparatus (2.6%), blindness and decreased visual acuity (2.2 %). For 2010, there was a significant increase in the report of disorders of the crystalline lens (4.6 %) and glaucoma (2.1 %) the other most prevalent diagnoses this year were accommodation and refractive disorders (50.5 %), disorders of the conjunctiva (21.2 %), eyelid disorders (4.2 %), blindness and decreased visual acuity (3.1 %) and impaired vision (2.2 %). <em><strong>Conclusions</strong><em> The most frequently reported disorders in 2009 in the eastern region were disorders of the conjunctiva and, among these, pterygium, followed by acute conjunctivitis. In 2010, the most frequently reported diagnoses were accommodation and refractive disorders, astigmatism being the most prominent one.

<em><strong>Objective</strong><em> To characterize the visual and ocular morbidity of the population treated based on the reports from the individual records of the provision of health services (RIPS), years 2009-2010, in the departments from the central region of Colombia. <em><strong>Materials and methods</strong><em> retrospective descriptive study. The RIPS from Chapter VII of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Version (ICD-10), were included: eye diseases and related. For statistical analysis, the 59 codes of Chapter VII of ICD-10 were reclassified into 18 codes established by the Ibero-American Epidemiological Network in Visual and Ocular Health (Reisvo) and the following variables were taken into consideration: age, gender and health coverage scheme. <em><strong>Results</strong><em> The most frequent diagnoses were disorders of the conjunctiva (2009: 60.1 % and 2010: 25.4 %) and accommodation and refractive disorders (2009: 20.9 % and 2010: 43.9 %). Eyelid disorder was the third most common diagnosis in both years (2009: 9.5 % and 2010: 4.4 %). Rate of blindness and decreased visual acuity were 3.1% in 2010. <em><strong>Conclusions</strong><em> Accommodation and refractive disorders are highly prevalent in the region and primarily affect two population groups: children and adults. This raises an alert for the Ministry of Health and Social Protection because uncorrected refractive errors are the leading cause of visual impairment and the second leading cause of blindness in the world.

<em><strong>Objective</strong><em> To characterize the visual and ocular morbidity of the population treated in the Caribbean and insular region, based on the reports from the individual records of the provision of health services (RIPS), years 2009-2010. <em><strong>Methods</strong><em> descriptive retrospective observational study descriptive statistics, frequency tables and percentages were used. <em><strong>Results</strong><em> For 2009, the average age was 28.68 years, the most reported gender was female and most of the data was found in a population between the ages of 15 and 44. The predominant health scheme was the contributive scheme. The 326,071 data analyzed in the RIPS were distributed in 110,897 for 2009 and 215,174 for 2010. The predominant disorder was disorders of the conjunctiva with 53.39 % for 2009: Nonspecific acute conjunctivitis was the most frequent one (15.37 %), followed by pterygium (13.55%). For 2010, accommodation and refractive disorders predominated (30.59 %), followed by disorders of the conjunctiva, with 21.97 %. <em><strong>Conclusions and recommendations</strong><em> The most frequent pathologies can be related to risk factors such as the environment. It is important that individuals involved in the area of visual and ocular health are adequately trained and that they undertake primary prevention campaigns focused on health promotion and specific protection, in order to preserve ocular integrity and prevent the most frequent disorders in all types of population.