vol. 1 núm. 1 (2003)

Upper management of any organization is constantly on the search for some theory, tendency or form of directing themselves and the organizations they lead in the most effective way. The upper management that reach this high performance create situations or lead to them and thereby identify their strengths. They are always in the right place at the right time and they are able to elude failure. They recognize their key capacities of success and with this they demonstrate that there is a world of action and management beyond strategy. In conclusion, the current manager of high performance is an individual with personality that has developed his/her intelligence, not only intellectually but also emotionally; since he/she knows him/herself better and also is more concert about meeting others to lears more about how he is perceived to build real affective and social networks within any type of organization.

40 years ago it was impossible to think about the genetic manipulation, but the continous breakthroughs that have permitted the comprehension of some aspects of the gene regulation in pathological and normal conditions has generated an extensive investigative field. The discovery of the DNA double structure, the purification of the DNA and the knowledge of activity of certain enzymes (endonucleasas of restriction) on nucleic acid, put in the scientific that have used the molecular technologies as a bridge to expand the knowledge and without a doubt in the sciences related to the study of the eye this new tool has generated a strong impact. The correlation among genotype and fenotype has helped to better classify the ocular heredity of illnesses with a genetic component in it’s a etiology, as in the case of the glaucoma. Techniques have been developed from molecular genetics, to the DNA level for the diagnostic of prenatal or presintomatico of pathologies as the Retinitis Pigmentosa and the Retinoblastoma. The use of the PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction),. The development of the recombinant DNA and the genetic engineering have revolutionized completely the biology; the molecular study has been the cornerstone for many scientific advances. By means of this revision, a synthesis of the main molecular methodologies is to be conducted to determine globally its contribution to the related sciences with the ocular study.

The functionally acuity contrast test (FACT) is useful in the detection and diagnosis so diverse ophthalmological ocular pathologies but is use is limited in childhood. The purpose of this study was build a normal curve in the range 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0 and 18.0 for special frequencies, in children between the ages of 6 to 11 who attend to Instituto de Investigaciones Optometricas of Universidad de La Salle Colombia. It was a descriptive study for test standardization, with o systematic random sample of 58 child (confidence 95%, sample error 5%) by a systematic random sample of the children that attend the pediatric optometry unit and who had previous optometry evaluation, visual acuity between 20/15 and 20/30 and optical correction when necessary. To establish this normal rank the media was taken into account plus or minus a standard deviation and the 25th and 75th percentage selected by its normal distribution, the one constructed by its media with some differences related to the curve of FACT of the manufacturer. The curves haven´t statistical differences (95% confidence intervals for media) between eye, age, dominant eye and refractive status, except between astigmatic and emetropic for 6.0 and 12.0 spatial frequencies. Also there was not concordance between Snellen and Fact visual acuity. The designing of this curve will allow for the validation of the FACT Test use in the optometry evaluation at the Instituto de Investigaciones Ooptometricas.

Atrophia bulbi is a complication of long standing hipotony, severe ocular trauma, intraocular inflammation and absolute glaucoma. When the ocular contents are disorganized, thickened escleral in the posterior aspect, cataract, hemorrhages, glials proliferations and intraocular calcifications is determined as Ptisis bulbi. The spontaneous episodes of recurrent hemorrhages or inflammation may cause severe pain the enucleation or evisceration may be required.

The Functional – Pathology Optometry Unit conducted 1,575 tests to adults for the first time in the year 2000. This corresponds to 36% of the total number of test al the Institute of Optometry Research. The epidemiological profile of ocular pathologies were determined by age and gender adjusted to CIE 10 (International Diseases Classification). A young population was found, 54% being female. The most frequent diagnosis was found in the following order: pinguecula, blefaritis seborreica, pterigio, senile cataracts, allergic conjunctivitis, melanosis conjunctival, nevus conjunctival, bacterial conjunctivitis, meibomitis and queratocono. Alteration productions were higher in the ocular annexes and of degenerative types. Relations were made with pathologies with the annexes and ocular segments, type of injury and specific tissue, with the gender and the age in relation to the media.

Polyunsaturated essential fatty acids Omega 3 and omega ‐6 have a competitive inhibitory effect in the organism. The term non‐inflammatory refers to a diet rich in Omega 3. There are reports of benefits of Omega ‐3 essential fatty acid supplementation for patient with inflammatory Dry Eye Syndrome. Omega 6 fatly acid is converted to arachidonic acid which cascades into the chemistry of inflammation and immunologic responses.

286 patients with infectious pathology in previous segment were studied and through a microbiological study the bacteria associated with the infection were identified. From the 286 bacteriological samples, 177 were isolated, and from these 73.45% of Gram positive flora being the most frequent species S. epidermidis (48.46%), S. aureus (35.38%), S. pneumonia (4.61%)and Corynebacterium sp. (2.31%). The 26.55% corresponded to Gram negative bacilli of which the 74.47% are enterobacterias and the 25.53% were non fermented microorganisms. The highest percentages of isolations were conducted in patient with bacterial conjunctivitis, bacterial blepharitis, unspecific conjunctivitis and unspecific blepharitis.

The refractive estate is described in pediatrically normal infants under 12 months of age. The infants that were examined came from the Hospital Tunjuelito‐ Clinical El Carmen population, who participated in the “Growth and development program” Refraction was measured by dynamic retinoscopy. The most common refractive states found were: Astigmatism (77% RE, 73.5% LE)with the rule (100% RE, 97.4% LE) hipermetropic in both meridians or hipermetropic and myopic. The positive and negative spherical component in the right eye fluctuated between 0.25 – 1.50 diopters; in the left eye the positive was 0.25 – 0.75 and the negative 1.00 – 1.50 diopters. The cylindrical magnitudes were below 2.50 diopters RE, 3.00 diopters LE (73.8% RE, 66.6% LE). The anisometropic values were low; only 1 infant was 2.50 diopters anisometropic.

Cada ciencia tiene una terminología propia y lo significados de ella se desprenden no pueden aplicarse a otra indistintamente. Por esto me voy a ceñir a las palabras referentes a optometría y al significado que en esta ciencia tiene; resulta indispensable para un estudiante saber la etimología del vocabulario técnico de su profesión, por ser universal, base de los fundamentos científicos. Su comprensión y uso facilitan una comunicación en un lenguaje adecuado y preciso. Explicare los términos técnicos mas usuales y definiré otras palabras según se refiera a ciertas características que entran en el estudio general de la optometría.

The visual deficiencies in schoolchildren can imply learning problems and a delay in psychosocial development. Due to lack of information in this area in the District a descriptive type of study was conducted having as its objective to determine the prevalence of visual‐ocular alterations, in a sample of 1.250 children from 5 to 14 years of age in public and private schools in Bogota. Forty two (42%) percent of schoolchildren presented some degree of deficiency in the following were the <em><strong>Results:</strong></em> hypermetry (59.2%), astigmatism (28.2%), myopia (4.0%) and emetropy (9.0%). Among children that presented a deficit of AV, 9.6% used optic correctives. Among those that represented some degree of AV deficit and didn´t use eyeglasses at the moment of the exam: 62% came from public schools and 38% from private school. It is necessary to identify the visual health problem and to review the intervention strategies given the positive impact of the solution that may generated, especially in the schoolchildren.