vol. 12 núm. 1 (2016)

The World Health Organization (2013) has alerted governments to take urgent measures to prevent traffic accidents. If no intervention is made, they will be the fifth leading cause of death in 2030. This study established the psychological profile of frequent offenders of traffic rules in a sample of 295 drivers of both sexes. Using the 16PF-5 Personality Questionnaire and a scale of beliefs, knowledge, and road safety behaviors, significant relationships between offending behavior and beliefs were identified, in addition to the specific personality factors and variables that predict susceptibility to frequent violations of traffic rules.

This research had the objective of establishing the psychological meaning associated with the "research activity" for Social Science Professionals. We used the Natural Semantic Network technique (Valdez, 2004), which emphasizes the analysis of the psychological meaning constructed from the experiences. The instrument was applied to 46 attendees of an academic event in the area of Social Sciences, in an intentional non-probabilistic sampling. The results show a total of 220 different words associated with the term “Research” (J value). The two terms of highest semantic weight were: Inquiry (106), Search (101), in contrast with the words Analysis and Discipline with semantic weight of 33. Through a test of independence between sociodemographic variables and the SAM group, no significant relationship with gender and age emerged.

Personality characteristics at old age may remain stable, but they may also change due to experiences during the life cycle, which require an individual adjustment to the new circumstances. Personality traits vary from person to person and they tend to be relatively stable throughout life. One of the theories of personality is the Big Five model, which proposes the existence of five main personality factors —this model has evidence of universality and application in different contexts. This study aimed to conduct a systematic literature review of biopsychosocial aspects of personality at old age from the Big Five Model. We used the Personality, Big Five and Elderly descriptors present in the abstract, between 2010 and 2014 in the Scopus, PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science and ProQuest international databases. Results showed differences in personality traits with regards to the types of housing, assertiveness, quality of life, affection and metamemory skills. Neuroticism is associated with certain behaviors related to a more negative functioning of the person. Given that the population is aging in many countries, studies with the elderly are important, especially from the perspective of a recognized theory valued in scientific circles.

This study relates cognitive promotion and prevention strategies to consumer involvement. It was a field study where 92 attendants to a dental care appointment completed the Regulatory Focus Questionnaire. At the same time, involvement behaviours were recorder during the appointment. Results suggest that a higher inclination toward prevention is associated with higher involvement, whereas a stronger promotion orientation is negatively associated to consumer involvement. We suggest using involvement behaviours as a segmentation strategy, understanding these are related to healthcare consumers’ orientation towards prevention/promotion.

This article seeks to problematize current views on women who are victims of violence, poverty and exclusion. Mothers learn these behaviors from diverse systems, from the macrosystem to the microsystem, which are perceived to be loaded with violence and exclusion; and they replicate these behaviors on their children. The study was based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory, taking a systemic approach to the problem and analyzed from authors such as Colombo, Martin-Baró, Foucault and Wernicke, among others. After recognizing the socio-demographic characteristics and interpersonal relationships, a correlation was established between being a victim of violence and the shaping of psychological characteristics observed in women, who transition from being victims to victimizers, to the detriment of their children. This suggests that violence is perpetuated in a spiral, which it is regarded as natural in different social environments. A difference between women of urban areas and displaced from the rural areas was found in the use of services provided by institutions and the relationship with others, the latter being more suspicious and prevented.

In a sample of 34 university students (17 of each sex and on average 21 years old) at the Universidad de Ibagué, we evaluated the effect of facial symmetry (FS) in a Classical Conditioning of Attitudes experiment, using a simultaneous procedure where three logos were used as conditioned stimuli (Xua, Xue, Xuo) and faces of varying symmetry were used as unconditioned stimuli. We observed a higher rating of attractiveness of faces with high FS. We also observed a change in ratings of each logo before and after the conditioning procedure, and finally, the logo associated with a high FS obtained significantly higher scores after conditioning (than the logos associated with less FS). The impact of our study is that we operationalized physical attractiveness, identifying an unconditioned stimulus (facial symmetry as an index of physical attractiveness) and demonstrated the advantage of our conditioning procedure in establishing and changing the attitudes of consumers in persuasive communications.

he goal was to describe school bullying is identified and described in a sample of 1300 students, 513 parents and 81 teachers from five schools in Popayán, Colombia. We used quantitative methodology to describe and analyze in terms of relative frequencies with SPSS. Results show a 44% prevalence of school bullying, through punches, kicks, theft of school materials, and psychological intimidation in 70%, including yelling at peers, name-calling, coercion, threats and exclusion. 35.1% of the teachers and 31.4% of the parents regard the situation as significant, and 71.6% consider that a reflection on the subject is needed.

This review article analyzes the relationship between bioethics and artificial intelligence, identifying technical-philosophical elements such as: Transhumanism, Artificial Intelligence and Bioethics of Technology; these concepts’ transdisciplinary nature evolves into scientific issues based on the evolution of techno-science in the 21st century. The conceptual pillars of the relationship between Transhumanism (H+) and Artificial Intelligence, their origins, approaches, disciplinary foundations will be identified, as well as the basic elements that make an architecture of an AI system possible; we intend to point out the prospective environment in which an “era” based on “technological singularity” is consolidates. We finally conclude with a description of some ethical-philosophical issues that emerge with the evolution of Artificial Intelligence.

This investigation focused on the characterization of adaptive behavior in students with or without intellectual disabilities in the Araucanía Region in Chile. The Inventory for Service Planning and Individual Programming (ICAP) was used with a sample of parents or legal tutors of 22 children with intellectual disabilities and 33 children without disabilities. The ages of the students ranged between 6 and 12 years, with a non-probabilistic cluster sampling design, with descriptive-comparative methods for analysis. Results show differences in adaptive behavior between the assessed groups, where students without disabilities show a higher level of development. Also both groups exhibit heterogeneous skill profiles, with motor skills being the most developed, and life skills in community being the least developed. These differences might have been affected by the presence of intellectual disabilities and by the educational contexts. This study is associated to the DI12- 0077 research project entitled “Psychometric Properties of the Spanish version of the inventory for service planning and individual programming (ICAP), in students of the city of Temuco”

This research examined how academic level of mothers of preschoolers relates to their socialization goals. Using a mixed methodology, structured interviews were applied to 172 mothers of children between 3 and 4 1/2 years old, who lived in Bogotá and several municipalities of the Cundinamarca-Boyacá area. The interviews were analyzed through categorical content analysis to calculate the frequency with which different socialization goals were mentioned, and to examine whether there was a significant relationship between the level of education of mothers and their preference for socialization goals associated with independence and / or interdependence. The results indicate that the higher the educational level, the greater the emphasis on socialization goals associated with independence.