vol. 5 núm. 1 (2021)

Food contamination by parasites is a major public health problem worldwide, especially in Latin America, characterized by being one of the main fruit and vegetable pantries, which distributes these foods to different countries in the world. In Colombia it has been possible to evidence outbreaks due to the consumption of food contaminated by protozoa such as Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp, Trypanosoma cruzi, Cyclospora cayetanensis and Entamoeba histolytica, and these have also been inoculated in food. In some of these cases, the outbreaks are not investigated or deepened, especially when the etiological agent involved is a parasite, highlighting the great deficiency that this aspect presents in public health. Therefore, in this review, it is intended to collect information from various studies, investigations, reports and followups on the presence of the aforementioned protozoa, where it seeks to make a strong appeal to the health sector, highlighting the importance of parasitic diseases and prevalence that these have in the country, especially in rural areas where basic health services, education and hygiene culture turn out to be an inconvenience, favoring these parasites.

Tick-borne diseases cause great losses in livestock production in tropical and subtropical areas of Latin America, mainly because they transmit important pathogens with infectious capacity, such as the protozoa of the Phylum Apicomplexa Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina and rickettsia like Anaplasma marginale in the unvaccinated native and / or imported cattle. The objective of this article is to collect some of the risk factors that influence the tropics for the presentation of Babesia spp. and Anaplasma sp. These factors are mainly influenced by the state of the animal, the transmission mechanisms, environmental factors, ecological conditions and the handling of the animal given by the owner, among others. In conclusion, inadequate practices in animal handling largely expose the bovine population to the presentation of Anaplasma sp and Babesia spp., Due to the enzootic instability conditions that they generate, so it is necessary to implement strategies that involve to acorrect animal management that maintains the enzootic stability of the farm and that is based on scientific evidence, in order to promote the health of theanimal, increase production, decrease costs and be a relevant and timely tool when reach of the livestock producer.

The human microbiota has been described as the population of bacteria, fungi, virudes and protozoa, which is located in a specific región of the body. This, plays a fundamental role in the physiology of some organs and metabolic activities such as participation in fermentation, absorption of undigested carbohydrates and the contribution to energy storage. Over time, studies have been carried out on the microbiota where its imbalance is associated with the appearance of different pathologies such as diabetes, obesity, inflammatory bowrl disease and Food intolerances and allergies, among others. Likewise, the microbiome is considered as the grouping of the genes of microorganisms that make up the microbiota and the interactions within the organism, basing its importance on the processes of health and disease, conditioned by certain environmental, physiological and even emotional factors.

The organisms throughout history, have been controversial research, under different points of view, however the plant-virus relationship, has been seen where the interaction demonstrates striking phenotypic characteristics that involves an intimacy relationship with the environment, likewise, arise new perspectives, which allow the look at an evolutionary revolution of experiences and knowledge, that surround living beings, the epigenetics and the importance of inheritable changes in gene expression, which are reflected in the phenotypic characteristics, this I show the plants have developed mechanisms to resist climatic changes and virus aggression, which trigger defense mechanisms against viral attack such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation and post-transcriptional gene silencing.

The giant viruses have distinguished in the last decade because of their structural and genetic distinctive features that have allowed to interpret in different ways their origin and evolution. Some authors consider that giant viruses acquired some of their genes based on the horizontal transference of their eukaryotic hosts, what will allow to explain the functions in a metabolic level that have been suggested for many of them. As the study of giant viruses progresses, more is the knowledge that is acquired about the existing relation among the own genes of cellular origin and the possible role that work as the giant viruses in an environmental level. With this study is pretended to make a bibliographic review of the main characteristics about the giant viruses, their role in an ecological level and their possible presence and implications in Colombian ecosystems.

Currently, bacteria with pathogenic potential such as Salmonella spp, have developed resistance and multi-resistance to antibiotics due to the indiscriminate use of these substances; causing great problems in the treatment of infections in the veterinary field, as well as economic losses and subsequent complications in animal health; This phenomenon is cosmopolitan in nature, since it encompasses both developed and developing countries.That is why in Colombia and other parts of the world, they are already talking about the use of phage therapy in the veterinary industry, in order to counteract the effects of the application of antibiotics. Salmonellosis is currently of great interest to public health, since it turns out to be a zoonosis, and as mentioned above it has developed resistance mechanisms, for which the use of bacteriophageshas been implemented, such as phage P22 resulting in efficient therapy.

Milk is a food with a high content of nutrients such as fat, protein, vitamins and minerals. The good practices of manual or mechanical milking in cattle established in Decree 616 of 2006 of Colombia, are a requirement to protect human health and favor the quality of milk, considering its physicochemical and microbiological values. In this study, to determine the physicochemical parameters in milk such as: density, fat percentage, hydrogen potential (pH), acidity, reductase and organoleptic tests of odor, color and appearance, samples were obtained by manual milking with a production between 10-23 liters / day in 14 Norman, Jersey and Holsteisin cattle without clinical symptoms of bovine mastitis, in two dairy farms located in the Department of Boyacá, Colombia. The results obtained were, fat percentage of 2.3-3.2%, acidity with values from 0.13% to 0.21%, the density was found between 1.030g / ml-1.046g / ml. These parameters may have some variations, possibly due to factors such as nutrition, associated with the quality of the pastures, concentrates and forages, the climate, the quantity of microorganisms, the age of the cattle and the number of calvings. Finally, some of the aforementioned factors are susceptible to improvement,which will favor the quality of the milk and the best remuneration for this type of small producers.