vol. 11 núm. 1 (2020)

La presente investigación estudia el saneamiento predial (recuperación de terrenos) a partir de las percepciones de actores implicados con los humedales de Bogotá. El trabajo se inicia con un diagnóstico de los conflictos en los usos de los suelos en el 2004, que involucra las partes interesadas es decir los terrenos que se encuentran en posesión de propietarios externos a la gestión de los humedales, para determinar su grado de afectación en la extensión de estos. El enfoque metodológico utiliza el análisis y gestión de entrevistas se mi estructuradas, que tiene en cuenta el análisis narrativo de las partes interesadas por sus conocimientos en localización de zonas en conflicto y zonas de saneamiento predial. Las limitaciones de la investigación se presentan por la falta de conocimiento de las partes interesada sobre las gestiones de saneamiento predial adelantadas en la zona de estudio. En síntesis, los resultados son presentados con cartografía social y estos revelaron que existe un 30% de zonas en conflicto y tan solo el 16 % corresponde a la adquisición de terrenos para la conservación de humedales. Este análisis contribuye a una mejor compresión de la problemática actual de los usos de los suelos y sus necesidades de gestión, con la expectativa de que puedan ser tomadas en consideración por las autoridades competentes.

The ecosystem services are of vital importance for the socioeconomic development of a region and even more when a large part of its population depends on them, as is the case of the region of the Colombian Orinoquia, and more specifically the department of Meta. The oleoresin of copaiba is a non-timber forest product indigenous to tropical zones found in the department of Meta, which has benefits for human health. The purpose of this article is to make Copaiba's oleoresin (Copaifera spp.) derived from supply and cultural services known as a socioeconomic alternative for the department of Meta through a comparison of its scientifically proven medicinal uses and those attributed by the rural community of the department. In the study it was found that a large part of the properties attributed by the rural community have already been studied with positive results, besides it was proved that it is not only used medicinally in humans but also in animals, with dosage ranging from 3 to 20 drops daily and dermal application. It is then stated that the oleoresin of copaiba has mainly beneficial properties for the dermal and gastric system, evidencing that a large percentage that consumes it is an adult population in dosages of 15 drops per day and superficial dermal applications.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is considered a staple in the diet of hundreds of people. In Colombia, during 2017, a production of 2.8 million tons was registered, being the variety Diacol Capiro most planted for industrial processing in the departments of Cundinamarca, Boyacá and Nariño. The crop is sensitive to water deficit and it is the most limiting factor in production, therefore, irrigation is an essential practice which is being done by spraying with low efficiency, while drip irrigation can achieve efficiencies close to 90 %. An experiment was carried out under field conditions aiming to evaluate the effect of two irrigation systems (drip vs spray) on the production, quality, and efficient use of water in the Diacol Capiro variety potato crop in the municipality of Toca, Boyacá. A completely randomized experimental design was used with 2 treatments corresponding to each irrigation system and 3 repetitions. At 28 days after sowing (das) sprouting percentage, yield and quality of tubers were measured and harvest and efficient water use was calculated for fresh tubers. Statistical differences were observed for the evaluated treatments (p <0.05) in germination and efficient use of water; other variables did not show statistical differences. With two treatments the productive potential of the variety was reached but the drip irrigation presented the best results, producing an additional 3.49 kg of fresh tubers per m3 of water used.

Coagulation / flocculation and sedimentation of particles present in the water are part of the advanced primary treatment, which is the most commonly used for the removal of contaminating particles present in waters with high turbidity levels. That is why, in this investigation, a comparison was made between the most commonly used commercial coagulant (aluminum sulfate) and the natural coagulants extracted from the avocado seed and the coffee mucilage to treat the waters of La Guayacana creek located in the municipality of El Socorro-Santander, for that purpose pitcher tests were carried out and the efficiency of each of the coagulants mentioned was determined, in terms of color and turbidity reduction. The results obtained indicate that the coagulant type C (avocado seed) presented a removal of 44.27% in turbidity, meanwhile the coagulant type B (coffee mucilage and phosphate buffer solution) was the coagulant with better results and allowed to remove 64.29% of the turbidity and 52.20% of color, indicating that this extract can serve as a preliminary or auxiliary coagulant in the process of primary water treatment that has considerable turbidity values.

Begomoviruses are part of the group of emerging viruses that affect crops of agricultural interest worldwide. Weeds can easily become alternate hosts of these viruses and be a source of inoculum for them. The objective of this work was to detect bipartite begomoviruses present in weeds collected in tomato crop in Cundinamarca, Colombia. Weeds were collected with and without viral symptoms in tomato crops located in the municipalities of Pasca and Fusagasugá, Cundinamarca. The total genomic DNA of each weed was purified and to demonstrate the presence of begomovirus a polymerase chain reaction was performed with specific oligos for detected the genomic component A viral. 36 weeds were collected, of which 22 species were identified taxonomically. Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Veronica persica Poir., Galinsoga ciliate (Raf.) S.F. Blake, Malva sylvestris L. and one species of the family Asteraceae were positive for bipartite begomoviruses. For the species Stellaria media (L.) Vill. and Galinsoga ciliate (Raf.) S.F. Blake, they constitute the first report worldwide as begomovirus hosts. The species Veronica persica Poir. is identified as a reservoir of begomovirus for the first time in Latin America. Finally, the species Malva sylvestris L. and a species of the family Asteraceae are reported for the first time as hosts of begomoviruses for Colombia. Effective control of weeds identified as hosts for begomoviruses is an effective strategy to reduce the impact of this virus family on tomato crops.

Colombia has a large hydrographic network in the region of Eastern Plains, where the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (IDEAM) has hydrometeorological stations than can store rainfall records over time. They are required for develop studies that allows monitoring this network, thus providing a base for decision-making in sectors that are affected by the climatic variations. In accordance with this situation, it is intended to forecast the flow surrounding to the municipality of Yopal and obtain useful elements to anticipate and minimize risks, especially to the Colombian agricultural sector, which is characteristic of this region. A case study of flow in the middle basin of Cravo Sur River was proposed, using a time series of monthly periodicity from 1975 to 2014. After that, an exploratory data analysis was carried out, which allowed the visualization of the descriptive statistics useful to evaluate the general behavior of the mentioned series. Subsequently, the series were analyzed to determine the most appropriate forecasting model. As a result, it was determined that, as time goes by, flows tend to increase slightly, but without generating risks greater than those currently suffered for this region, especially in times of constant rainfall rates. This estimation is adjusted to the own characteristics of the station studied and depends exclusively on its history.

The reduction of available radiation, by shade, modifies microclimatic conditions for associated crops. This modification is a key for the design and management of agroforestry systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the shade level on the behaviour of coffee bushes (Coffea arabica L.) in San Juan de Rioseco, Cundinamarca, Colombia. A completely randomized design with three treatments (low, medium and high shade), estimated with photographies to canopy and Gap Light Analyzer, and five replications represented in coffee plantations. It was established a sampling plot of 20 × 50 m in each coffee plantation, where three plants were selected to measure shade, photosythetically active radiation, stomatal conductance, net assimilation of CO2, transpiration, vapour pressure deficit, water use efficiency and substomatal CO2 concentration with a portable photosynthesis system - CIRAS 3. The greatest net assimilation was recorded in coffee bushes with low shade (0-30%) at noon, whish coincides with the highest stomatal conductance and the lowest vapour pressure deficit. The lowest values of net assimilation were reached with high shade (66-75%) in the afternoon. The CO2 assimilation is reduced from 44 to 61%, and the water use efficiency from 41 to 56% with an increase of shade from low to medium and high levels, respectively. The optimum range for coffee bushes was between 42 and 380 µmol m-2 s-1, which is between 20 and 30% of shade in these conditions. This shade level is the recommended for coffee plantations in San Juan de Rioseco.

The emergent contaminants are a group of non-regulated substances with low concentrations that cause irreversible damage to ecosystems and have been mostly identified as endocrine disruptors, so have gained great interest in the last 20 years. To mitigate its impact and presence in ecosystems, alternatives have been proposed to achieve their removal, such as adsorption, electrocoagulation, membrane filtration and advanced oxidation processes (AOP). 4- nonylphenol (4-NF) is used as a precursor in the manufacture of nonionic surfactants for use in detergents, dispersing, emulsifying, pesticide formulations, paints and personal care products, so its main access road to the environment it is by sewage, however, has become increasingly important environmental level, by various effects generated when entering aquatic ecosystems and the variety of isomers which can be found in the environment. In this review information about some physicochemical properties of 4-NF, toxicity, quantification method considering analytical and instrumental conditions, and methods of removal is collected.

Editorial

The research carried out evaluated the treatability in terms of the removal of organic matter (COD) present in the leachates of Los Corazones sanitary landfill in Valledupar, Colombia, through the adsorption process with activated carbon, developed under two hydraulic flow models (continuous reactors). and discontinuous) analyzing variables such as dose, contact time and pH, with the purpose of comparing and obtaining the highest yield in the organic load removal of the leachates under study. For discontinuous reactors with crude leachate, results of 67% removal of organic matter were obtained, modifying the PH to 3, results of 80% removal of organic matter were obtained, obtaining at the same time the best conditions of COD removal in the discontinuous flow model using doses of 100g / l with contact times of 90 minutes. The continuous reactor was used with flow rate of 6 ml / min, hydraulic retention time of 90 min, used dose of 640 g of activated charcoal, where it was tested with crude leachate obtaining removals of organic load of 83%, adjusting the pH to 3 He obtained 97% removals.

Colombia presents around 24,530 species of vascular plants. However, this floristic richness is declining or showing some degree of threat, because their habitat has been reduced by the development of anthropic activities as urbanization, mining, agrarian and other. This same trend is observed in Villavicencio. For this reason, the present research has as objective to describe the floristic diversity remaining in the water rounds of Caño Zuria and La Madrid wetland located in the neighborhood of the same name. To carry out the research, opportunistic samplings were made where plant material in reproductive state was collected and species were identified. As results, it was found that the flora associated with the La Madrid wetland has 19 species of vascular plants grouped into 13 families, with Poaceae being the best represented. Of the registered species there are two that are in the category of least concern concern (LC), which are Andropogon bicornis and Jamaican Solanum. In the flora associated with the water round of the Zuria canal, 21 vascular plant species were found grouped into 11 families, of which the dominant one was Melastomaceae with six species, followed by Araceae with three species. Of the registered species, Psychotria poeppigiana is in the category of minor concern threat (LC). The analyzes carried out show that unsustainable urban development threatens the biodiversity of the flora and the supply of ecosystem services associated with the water rounds of the Zuria canal and La Madrid wetland in the municipality of Villavicencio.