vol. 13 núm. 2 (2019)

We determine our hybrid system (Ortiz Flórez, 2011) as the dam, spillways, canal, water intakes, pipes, turbines, machine house, generators and among others for our project, which all these are elements that help us fulfill the purpose of this work which is the elaboration of a guide that allows to reduce the uncertainties generated in the pre-feasibility studies of small hydroelectric plants, with an installation range of 1000 to 10,000 kW, the mathematical dimensions such as the real dimensions, quantities of work that is needed for them and prices of each part that builds the system. The production of electricity is vital to maintain our lifestyle and the economic development of the countries. Colombia produces around 70% of its energy through hydroelectric power plants, which during its construction, operation and abandonment stages, different negative cumulative impacts (Vargas Nieto, 2018). In identifying this problem, we chose to propose a methodology to apply the precautionary principle, which has been a fundamental instrument in decision-making that has been progressively consolidated in international environmental law. The pre-feasibility phase of a hydroelectric power plant leads to the annual electric power generation capacity as well as its electrical potential that is possible to install in the Río Negro basin, which has a variety of level levels from the 3,500 masl of the department from Cundinamarca to the 670 meters above sea level of the same department where it is proposed to locate the powerhouse for the plant, that is to say at 2900 meters above sea level, apart from that the catchment level is 3000 meters above sea level. Using a simple methodology that in broad strokes is the identification of major fall in the course of the river in the smallest distance (Ortiz Flórez, 2011) and in turn is developed as a guide which based on in order to make correlations to determine a design flow and with this dimension the hydraulic works previously specified and with them determine a list of prices that help select the best alternative and get unit prices to total together with the quantities of work and thus determine its price and the price of the nstalled kW, for more Clarity of the methodology used below is explained in detail.

This study was oriented in two dimensions. The first, in relation to the historical review of information management and its circulation in what has been called the information age, the second part addresses the phenomenon of Big Data as one of the global trends in the field of information. Management, treatment, systematization of the information inthe network. Because it is a descriptive investigation, which is defined as the characterization of an event, a problem,a situation that can be subject to be studied, to be able to generate its structure, its operation and its behavior, and thus conceptualize, analyze And to be able to expand the knowledge of the event and / or situation, an inquiry was made, taking as reference the documents published in specialized magazines on the subject of the management and systematization of the information, since it is a subject of great interest in the field of Systems engineering, the subjectof information, reaffirming that one of the current trends in the field of decision making is precisely the specialized and systematized consultation that currently provides the internet, however this information open, can be consideredas unreliable to the extent that its sources Are not updated, or simply come from unsafe and / or unreliable sources, causing, in certain cases, decisions made based on this information to be uncertain and to cause risks in organizations.As a result of this description, the results are shown on the basis of the “ Big Data” consultations or the analysis of large data and the contributions that this trend provides to the communities of researchers for reliable studies based on themanagement and systematization of information.

Introducción. Las actividades productivas llevadas a cabo por las estaciones de servicios en el país son los principales generadores de contaminación por hidrocarburos que generan pérdidas económicas para el proceso y daños irreparables en el medio ambiente, lo que genera un interés hacia el desarrollo de nuevas alternativas para el tratamiento de este tipo de aguas residuales de tipo industrial no sólo para las estaciones de servicio como directamente beneficiadas por la inclusión de estas tecnologías en su proceso de distribución, sino también para los ecosistemas que son los que reciben las descargas de estos vertimientos. Objetivo. Evaluar la viabilidad del uso del Mutag mediante una prueba piloto a escala de laboratorio usando un reactor mezcla completa tipo batch para el tratamiento de aguas provenientes del sector de hidrocarburos. Metodología Se realizó una prueba de laboratorio para evaluar el uso de microorganismos nativos inmovilizados en un soporte inerte como alternativa biológica que permita la purificación de éste tipo de aguas residuales y se monitorearon fenoles y grasas y aceites como indicadores biológicos de la degradación. Se realizó un montaje con dos reactores uno con Mutag y otro sin Mutag mediante un procedimiento de bioaumentación usando los microrganismos caracterizados bioquímicamente a partir de la muestra de agua tratada. Resultados. EL biopolímero posee una gran superficie activa lo que garantiza buena actividad metabólica de los microorganismos y así mismo alta transferencia de masa (Christof Bidinger, Dzedzig, Geiger, & Rauch, 2011)

Throughout history, alcoholic fermentation has been fundamental to the development of alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer and mead. Their physicochemical and sensory characteristics are different not only because of the raw materials origin but also because of the type of microorganism used to carry out the fermentation process. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the yeast commonly used to produce alcoholic beverages. However, in case of mead, a product obtained from diluted honey and fermented, specific yeasts are not commercially available. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the alcoholic fermentation for obtaining mead using different commercially available yeasts. The fermentation process was carried out according to the standardized mead process methodology proposed in the literature (Quicazán, Cuenca, & Paz, 2018). According to the availability for acquisition, three different yeasts of the species (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) of the brands: A (Instant Success), B (Safcider), and C (Safoeno VR 44). were evaluated. Three objectives were established to select yeast: Brix degrees behavior over time, final ethanol concentration in percentage v/v and an affective sensory evaluation of the final product with 30 non-trained panelists to evaluate their preference. All fermentations were carried out in duplicate at 25°C for 408 hours using a must prepared from diluted honey, with 24°Brix. From B yeast it was obtained a beverage with 18% (v/v) ethanol and a general preference of 36,7%. However, the C yeast beverage containing 11,3 per cent (v/v) ethanol showed the highest preference among potential consumers. Therefore, considering not only ethanol content but also preference from potential consumers. Thus C yeast was selected in order to develop future studies to address the production of mead focused on the local Colombian consumer 

Colombia is positioned as the first producer of palm oil in Latin America and the fourth worldwide. During the extraction of palm oil, lignocellulosic residual biomass is generated such as empty fruit clusters (RFV), mesocarp fibers, palm shell; In addition, in the event of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and effluents with a high organic load (POME); which, by not being adequately processed, treated or disposed of, represent causes of environmental contamination. However, lignocellulosic residues and POME have attractive characteristics for use purposes through the transformation of biomass in thermochemical, physical and biological processes; such is the case of the production of composting and alternative energies such as second generation biofuels. The objective of this article is to carry out a bibliographical review of the environmental effects of the inadequate management of residues from the extraction of palm oil and to identify alternatives for the use of this biomass for application in agricultural and industrial processes. As a result of this review, contamination in water sources, affectation of aquatic ecosystems and GHG emissions were identified. Finally, the feasibility of using the residual biomass of the palm industry as raw material in the production of composting, biochar, biogas, biooil and bioethanol was identified.

En el diseño de la estructura del pico satelital (CanSat: Can-Satellite), que permite simular las características de un satélite real, integrado en el volumen y la forma de una lata de soda, los principales subsistemas encontrados en un satélite fueron tenidos en cuenta, como potencia, sensores y un sistema de comunicación. La implementación se realiza con una NodeMCU V3 que es una placa de hardware abierto basada en ESP8266 (con un microprocesador Tensilica L106 de 32 bits), que nos permite establecer comunicación con los módulos:GPS, transceptor de RF y sensores; este es uno de los componentes actualmente utilizados para la implementación de sistemas basados en Internet de las cosas (IoT); Esto permite una alta disponibilidad de los componentes, incluidos los sensores, así como un bajo costo para la implementación y fabricación del pico-satélite.

El monitoreo de calidad de agua para el cultivo de peces es fundamental para incrementar la productividad y competitividad de los piscicultores. La cadena piscícola Caucana se encuentra en un estado de transición entre enfoque de subsistencia hacia enfoque de cadena productiva (Ruano, Silva and Rivera, 2015) y por lo tanto requiere de la introducción con desarrollos tecnológicos que le ayuden a reducir los factores de vulnerabilidad. Partiendo de este enfoque, se diseñó e implementó un prototipo electrónico de monitoreo de  parámetros de calidad de agua, como temperatura, pH, amoniaco y oxígeno disuelto del agua, con el fin de identificar los valores óptimos que garanticen la reducción de las tazas de mortalidad en los cultivos de peces. Las pruebas de campo se realizaron en la granja piscícola “Mamá Lombriz”, ubicada en el municipio de Popayán, en el departamento del Cauca (Colombia). El hardware del prototipo se compone de una sección de acondicionamiento electrónico y un microcontrolador, en el que se realiza el proceso de muestreo, acondicionamiento, adquisición y procesamiento de datos para su despliegue y almacenamiento en computador. La información es enviada por conexión USB a un software con interfaz gráfica para que el usuario visualice las variables y pueda tomar acciones correctivas de acuerdo a cada situación. Con este prototipo se espera contribuir al mejoramiento de las actividades productivas de la cadena piscícola incrementando la competitividad (Joaquí-Daza, 2011) de los agentes productores y reduciendo los porcentajes de mortalidad en los peces cultivados

Este documento presenta los resultados del diseño y la implementación de un convertidor DC-AC con salida sinusoidal de baja distorsión armónica y pérdida de potencia eléctrica por conmutación. La investigación se encaminó al logro de altos niveles de rendimiento a bajo costo, creando un equipo competitivo en el mercado. El convertidor DC-AC es el procesador de la energía captada; es así como las mejoras en la eficiencia apuntan a elevar la viabilidad y sostenibilidad de sistemas energéticos alternativos por la disminución en costos de producción e impactar positivamente sobre la crisis energética - ambiental de la actualidad, debido al agotamiento de los combustibles fósiles y a las emisiones descontroladas de gases producidos por los sistemas tradicionales de energía eléctrica.