núm. 12 (2009)

Sustainable innovations such as the agriculture of conservation for agricultural restructuring in the Andean central region of Colombia had a relative success in some areas in the past two decades. However, the continuous soil degradation and the destruction of uplands raise the need to propose new strategies that are based on research in order to favor the diffusion of these innovations. An evaluation of the main positive impacts that an important group of technicians have detected in the development of the “Checua Project”, conducted by the Autonomous Corporation of Cundinamarca, was made. Results have characterized an almost homogeneous group of well experienced innovators that are willing to collaborate in the diffusion of conservation agriculture. Favorable opportunities were found. If an adequate administration of innovation activities, with political participation and with the presence of interested people, is done, it may allow a fast multiplication of the innovation in a medium-term period, in order to assure an important area forthe sustainable restructuring of the Andean agroecosystems.

The Economic and Development Growth are two of the principal goals for policy makers in Latin America to reach the reduction in poverty and income distribution indicators. To reach these goals is not an easy work and it requires the implementation of different structural reforms from which can be hightlighted the macroeconomic and labor reforms. These have particular characteristics and have to be applied together in all dimensions to reach the goals in terms to reduce the poverty and reach better income distribution indicators.

In order to enhance the understanding of the origins and dynamics of the economic crises that periodically affect the capitalist economy, this paper takes as a case study the “Debt crisis· of Latin America during the 1980s, a crisis that led to the “lost decade” in terms of development for the region. As a conclusion, the paper points to the need of going beyond the individualistic interpretations that put all the explanatory weight in the banker’s greed, the damaging creativity of financial engineering or the improvidence of incapable governments and irresponsible debtors. As an alternative, the paper suggests the need to look at the structural aspects of the model of insertion of the region in the global economy.

The document discusses the impact that has the American interest rate (Prime Rate) in the training gross capital of Colombian recently. Is develops Solow- Swan expanded that were presented, based on the model Initially, by Mankiw, Romer and Weil in 1992 and in the same year arises a version Mankiw, Romer and Sala-i - Martin where joining open economies. The This sustained in Adam Smith who gives important theoretical support to the SECURITY in Nations that use the capital; David Ricardo presents the the accumulation of Capital; ways Karl Marx interprets the stimulus to the Investment from the rate of profit and the rate of interest; Joseph A. Schumpeter sees in the Capital as a convertible immediate asset in money and Keynesians as Harrods disregards the intensity of the use of capital in response to the low rate of interest, as long as Keynes if the considered. The exercise leads to the calculation defines the coefficient of participation of the capital and the capital-to-date depreciation for display the relationship between the gross capital formation in Colombia and prime rate, and its impact on the economy.

A look at Latin America from their economic indicators, political and social shows us a region to which you are common problems of poverty, exclusion, inequality, fiscal deficit, inflation, unemployment, concentration of income, among others. These economies have implemented similar structural reforms and have generated all kinds of changes in its institutions; however, especially those related to poverty and inequality difficulties persist. The inefficiency in the implementation of such policies and diversity of results, is primarily understood, because considering institutions, forms of organization and diverse cultures, you can still ensure that most of the economies of Latin America have been reducing its economic growth, as well as increased levels of inflation, unemployment, and in many cases of poverty and social exclusion, in addition, because the region is no stranger to the slowdown in the global economy. However, if many reforms seek to encourage the population group with lower opportunities, is relevant to ask: does why persist such inequalities? Is it possible that required changes are not applied? Is a problem of its institutions? Of implementation of the policy? or is it a problem of those who run this policy? Reportedly, such reforms do not correspond to the actual needs of the region, most correspond to the implementation of guidelines and international models in many cases have not worked even in economies with more favourable social indicators.

In this document is presented the analysis of the economical justification about the fiscal decentralization and how the decision powers are divided between the national government and the territorial subjects to reach the efficiency objectives, fairness and stabilization.

The aim of the “Applied General-Equilibrium Models of Taxation and International Trade: An Introduction and Survey” (Shoven & Whalley, 1984) is to show how the Walrasian General Equilibrium scheme can be converted into a powerful instrument for policy analysis through parameterization and specification of a theoretical model for numerical solution and estimation under counterfactual scenarios. Even though authors propose a numerical example along with a standard guideline for the formal development of a Computable General Equilibrium project, the formal access to the techniques remains difficult even nowadays in which availability of resources,which at the time of publishing were mediate by the higher costs– has been dramatically enhanced since then. The entrance barrier is an apprentice difficulty to match her theoretical knowledge with the empirical practice of formulation and numerical solution search. The aim of this paper is to contribute to remove such inconveniences by the reproduction of the numerical model offered by Shoven and Whalley as well as the search of a solution for the excess demand system than represents the economic relationships within the model economy. We offer a computable model in the GAMS that might be easily modified and adapted for further extensions.