vol. 4 núm. 7 (2022): enero - junio

Professor Rosa María de la Torre Torres, in her work The Foundations of Animal Rights, carried out important research work on animal rights, which are part of emerging rights. In this same sense, it proposes an interesting articulation of philosophical and legal approaches that give rise to the rethinking of human relations with non-human animals and the inclusion of these in the expansion of the legal community.

The progressive central role of emerging human rights in post-conflict contexts has materialized in a normative and doctrinal specification of the right of women to a life free of violence, in connection with the dimensions of physical and personal security proposed by Human Security. Thus, the need to reform or transform the institutions that provide security to include the gender perspective in them has become increasingly important in peacekeeping missions, especially after the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security, in October 2000. This article aims to shed light on the security perspectives, policies and practices operating in post-conflict Security Sector Reform processes and on the extent to which these have been permeated by gender focus and by the contributions of anti-war feminism and of Feminist Security Studies. To this end, the document assesses the operationalization of the United Nations mandate on Security Sector Reform during the transition process of Timor Leste (1999 to 201), and the deployment of tools for the promotion of equality between men and women and the eradication of gender and sexual violence, as well as its results.

La transformación de nuestras sociedades a causa del progreso tecnológico y la expansión de las TIC a escala global ha creado un nuevo ámbito en el cual los estados deben establecer una nueva manera “normal” de relacionarse entre ellos. Para ello, se han adaptado legislaciones a nivel nacional; sin embargo, en el contexto internacional, existen maneras diferentes de interpretar la forma “normal” de relacionarse en este ámbito. La Unión Europea ha creado un marco para su propia ciberseguridad y espera expandir el estado de derecho para progresar hacia un mundo digital seguro. También ha establecido un marco de sanciones para luchar contra las actitudes que van en contra de su punto de vista. Este artículo intenta ver cómo ha afectado esto a los actores más importantes en el mundo de la ciberseguridad: Estados Unidos, Rusia y China. Se ve que los efectos han sido diferentes en cada caso y no son coercitivos para las acciones de los demás estados, pero no por un fracaso de implementación, sino por su propia naturaleza.

La naturaleza ha sido, por largo tiempo, una voz no escuchada por el derecho. Sin embargo, desde los setenta del siglo pasado, la comunidad internacional ha empezado a cambiar de mentalidad y considerar el ambiente como un objeto de interés jurídico. La crisis ambiental que está amenazando el planeta, nuestra casa común, y nuevos enfoques epistemológicos basados en la earth jurisprudence han favorecido la emersión del concepto de “derechos de la Naturaleza”. A nivel constitucional, han sido reconocidos en la Constitución de Ecuador en 2008. Además, muchos otros países han aprobado leyes que atribuyen personalidad jurídica a ríos, glaciares, animales, etc. El artículo compara la reciente jurisprudencia colombiana e indiana que ha reconocido componentes naturales como sujetos de derechos.

Los derechos urbanos emergentes se plantean como una respuesta a la crisis que actualmente viven las ciudades. El mundo dejó de ser rural y ahora es urbano. El modelo urbano imperante es depredador e inhumano. La actual crisis de la covid-19 revela una serie de problemas sistémicos en la ciudad. Los derechos humanos tradicionales no dan respuesta a la emergencia urbana que se vive en las calles. La gran mayoría de ciudadanos habitan en barrios informales, sin agua, sin servicio de gas, sin saneamiento básico, sin infraestructuras adecuadas, sin electricidad. Viven en espacios hacinados, en una ciudad que no garantiza derechos urbanos. Así las cosas, en la ciudad se reclaman una nueva generación de derechos. Nuevos colectivos sociales o ciudadanías en emergencia piden que la ciudad tenga unos mínimos básicos que permitan dignificar los entornos urbanos. En este sentido, puede ser una solución aplicar la tesis de los derechos emergentes a derechos en el contexto urbano. Así como se ha creado nuevas categorías, como son los derechos ecológicos, los derechos de solidaridad, los derechos republicanos, se propone plantear los derechos urbanos emergentes como categoría. Este artículo de revisión es un aporte en esa línea.

The general purpose of this study was to analyze the legal guarantees in the right to health and work in people with HIV / AIDS in Colombia. For this we started from the analysis of legal protection, in the right to health And in the right to work , the latter from the perspective of enhanced job stability, according to the development of the jurisprudence of the ConstitutionalCourt. It is a work that has been built from the investigation of the normative and jurisprudentialfoundations regarding the legal guarantees in these rights for the population with HIV / AIDS.This analysis contributes to the reflection on the protection granted in the Colombian legalregulation, especially from the access to decent conditions in health care seen in an integral way,as well as the entry and stay in the labor market in conditions of dignity and consideration forhuman rights.

The current economic crisis caused by biological factors has contributed to the rethinking of past proposals such as accessing an unconditioned income sufficient to allow citizens to meet material needs. Social rights, specifically those focused on access to income, could be considered as committed in plans and programs, but focused on certain population sectors, according to their age, unemployment or contingencies of work or health conditions, established in the different regimes of social security systems, present a limitation, due to their insufficiency in the items for their financing or access,  is subject to compliance with requirements, despite the obligation of the State, even despite its recognition as a human right or as a fundamental right. Given these legal circumstances and the existence of limited plans or programs, it is necessary to ask the following question: What are the foundations and feasibility implications of the adoption of a Universal Basic Income as an emerging human right and its future character? In resolving this question, it is based on the historical review to understand aspects that can be incidents in the legal and economic, due to the relevance as social rights, particularly those of fundamental rank, constitute the starting point that allows progress towards overcoming inequality, projecting its material, real and effective development, with the implementation of mechanisms such as Basic Income as constituting a means of broad coverage of access to income.  unconditionally.