edición especial en ortodoncia

There are pernicious oral habits and positions adopted during daily activities that are potentially harmful and may influence the development of malocclusion. This literature review aims to consider the habits that are not commonly evaluated by dentists. To do so, we searched the current literature on these activities, which facilitates detection, correction and prevention of damage generated in the stomatognathic system.

There are harmful oral habits that may influence the development of malocclusions; although they are not life-threatening, their consequences constitute a public health problem. This literature review seeks to establish habits more commonly evaluated by dentists, identify their problems and provide practical guidance. A search was made of the literature on oral habits to find rapid treatment with the aim of limiting the damage.

Treatment for tooth ankylosis poses a big challenge in dentistry. Orthosurgical techniques must be included to obtain a satisfactory esthetic and functional result. The treatment options are surgical removal, segmentary osteotomy with immediate repo- sition and segmentary osteotomy with distraction osteogenesis, which can be done using distractors or orthodontics, thus achieving acceptable long-term outcomes.

Most patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion present a retruded position of the mandible. Functional appliances are fixed or removable appliances designed to alter the sagittal and vertical mandibular position, resulting in orthodontic and orthopedic skele- tal changes. Despite their long history, functional appliances remain controversial in their use, effectiveness and mode of action. This review will reveal the different treatment options for skeletal Class II malocclusion caused by mandibular retrusion, such as: Bionator, Twin block, Herbst, Jasper jumper, Forsus, mara and Advansync; it will also explain the mode of action, skeletal and dental effects and optimum treatment time for stability.

Dentoalveolar trauma is a very common public health problem. Its influence goes beyond accidents and their impact on teeth, because in the future it becomes a decisive factor if orthodontic treatment is required, because these traumas tend to lead to complications such as root resorption and pulp necrosis. Proper treatment of teeth with a medical history of trauma is essential for successful orthodontic treatment.

Orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances alters the oral environment, increases plaque accumulation, changes the com- position of the flora, and complicates cleaning for the patient. Gingivitis and white spot lesions around fixed appliances are frequent side effects when preventive programs have not been implemented. The patients need more professional guidance in selecting the most appropriate oral health products and procedures for their individual needs and this is the dental professional’s responsibility.

Human beings have two dentitions, which require at least fifteen years for consolidation. During this process, the genetic information that determines shape and growth are expressed and the occlusion consolidates; however, during this period, environ- mental factors can generate changes in the form and function of the individual. Crowding is one of the most prevalent malocclusions and the treatment approach depends on the facial, skeletal and occlusal features of each patient. This article discusses the eruption guide procedure as an interceptive treatment for crowding based on the concepts of growth and occlusion development. It addresses the importance of developing preventive methods based on adequate knowledge of normal growth, dentition development and the factors that modify it. This review highlights the importance of serial extraction to anticipate space changes that will occur unless the teeth are removed with strategic intervals to relieve the severity of malocclusion.

Tooth extraction due to the need for space for orthodontic treatment in many cases causes changes in the alveolar ridge, which can result in functional and aesthetic problems for the successful completion of treatment stemming from an insufficient amou- nt of bone tissue. This problem requires the specialist to analyze each individual clinical situation and consider a number of factors specific to the patient, the treatment and the professional to whom they are referred, who will then determine the appropriate time to perform extractions. The purpose of this article is to describe post-extraction changes in the tooth socket and suggest a protocol that is appropriate for defining when and how best to carry out tooth extractions in orthodontic patients.

Inadequate molar control is one of the difficulties that arise during mechanical treatment. When molar control is handled efficiently, it facilitates precise control of forces and moments, which increases the effectiveness of biomechanics. Knowledge of 4 x 2, 6 x 2 partial systems and the transpalatal bar with its different forms of activation offer a number of advantages that make it possible to optimize orthodontic results. The aim of this article is to clarify concepts, specify possible treatment strategies and analyze the side effects that occur with these systems.

Altered Passive Eruption (ape) is a condition that can significantly affect achievement of the aesthetic goals of orthodontic treatment. Although this condition is known to orthodontists, most do not recognize the difference in its classification and manage- ment. The aim of this article is therefore to describe the guidelines for accurate diagnosis, explain the treatment and establish a mana- gement protocol for ape that would indicate when such patients are to be referred for plastic periodontal procedures, based on clinical findings and considering age as a critical factor when determining the procedure.

Orthodontic practice recognizes the importance of the cephalic lateral radiograph, although it is actually limited to quan- titative analysis. A literature review was made to assess the morphological characteristics that, at first glance, can be evaluated in the radiography and constitute tools for predicting risk factors, prognosis, and stability. The conclusion is that the cephalic lateral radio- graph gives a broader view of craniofacial growth patterns, which can be modified by various structures such as skull base, cranio- cervical posture, airways, and position of the hyoid bone; this without losing sight of the cervical vertebrae and the morphology of the mandibular symphysis, which are important diagnostic factors when making clinical decisions. Cephalic lateral radiography therefore provides important qualitative information that cannot be ignored and which enables accurate diagnosis.