núm. 14 (2007)

It was evaluated the super-ovulatory answer in creole mares which were administered with equine hypophysis extract (EHE) in two different doses, compared to FSH of porcine origin (Folltropin V). Twenty cyclical Colombian creole mares were taken whose ages oscillated between 2 and 8 years (5,3 years on average) which were randomly selected and assigned to the following four groups: Group 1 also called control group (T1): This group was administered with 5cc of saline solution IM (a.m. , p.m.); Group 2 (T2): 6,25 mg of Foltropin- v (FSH-P) IM (a.m., p.m.); Group 3 (T3): 8,3mg EHE IM (a.m., p.m.); Group 4 (T4): 12,5 mg EHE IM (a.m., p.m.). The treatments started seven days after the detection of an ovulation by ultrasound, the 8th day 12,5mg PgF2alfa were administered intramuscular (IM) via. The treatment with EHE was canceled when most of the follicles reached a size ≥ 35 mm, at that point 2500 UI of hCG were administered IV (intravenous via), followed by artificial insemination. Between the 7th or 8th day the embryos were collected by means of intrauterine pumping. A one way variance analysis (ANOVA) was done specifying the follicular growing between the day of the beginning of treatment and the ovulation, the number of pre-ovulatory follicles sized ≥ 35mm, the number of treatment days and the quantity of embryos collected on each group. A rank test or Duncan multiple comparison was carried out to see differences between the groups, and the condition and the quality of the embryos on each kind of treatment to determine the viability was determined through a relation analysis. The results showed that T4 group developed a higher number of follicles ≥ 35 mm in comparison to the rest of the groups (p<0.005) in 7,4 days of treatment, higher rate of follicle growing (3,01mm/day), higher number of ovulations per treatment (2,8) and a higher number of collected embryos per mare (1,6). So, T4 showed the best results in comparison to the results of the other groups in this work.

In order to improve the effectiveness in the cryopreservation of horse sperm, the effect of association L-glutamine with Ethylenglicole and Glycerol in the freezing media spermatozoa was evaluated. 4 Colombian native stallions were used to complete a total of 21 samples which were frozen in two different media: INRA 97 and cryoprotectant. The following study was done: L-glutamine 80mM + Etilenglicol 2.5% (protocol 1), L-glutamine 80 mM + Glycerol 2.5% (protocol 2), Etilenglicol 2.5% (protocol 3) and glycerol 2.5% (protocol 4). The freezing methodology was: 60 minutes to descend the temperature from 38°C to 5°C (0.55°C/min) during the transport. The samples were centrifuged at 600G/10min., and the semen was diluted with the four protocols in straws of 0.5 ml. Then, 60 minutes of equilibrium in refrigeration; 20 minutes in liquid nitrogen vapors and then immersed. In the progressive motility evaluation there was not any significant difference between protocols at 0 time (p ≤ 0.6383), at 30 minutes (p ≤ 0.511), and at 60 minutes (p ≤ 0.1659). The motility averages for the 4 protocols at 0 time were (1) 29,6 ± 15,1; (2) 28,1 ± 13,5; (3) 28,4 ± 12,3 and (4) 38 ± 11,1; at the 30 minutes: (1) 25,1 ± 13,6; (2) 22,3 ± 13,0; (3) 24,9 ± 12,4 and (4) 25,5 ± 11,6, and at 60 minutes (1) 17,1 ± 12; (2) 15,4 ± 11,7; (3) 19,9 ± 11,5 and (4) 17,6 ± 14. The spermatic survival was evaluated with eosine-nigrosine coloration, after thawing and there was not any significant difference among the protocols (p≤ 0.6336), the average measures were (1) 37; (2) 28,8; (3) 28,7 and (4) 31,7. As a conclusion, although significant difference was not demonstrated among the protocols; the tendency to the highest average was presented by the protocol 4 (glycerol 2.5%).

A characterization of the hygienic and sanitary quality of uncooked milk in the Alto de Chicamocha (Department of Boyacá) was made. An analysis with laboratory tests was made in which the total count of Somatic Cells, Mesophiles, Staphylococcus, Coliforms and Listeria were evaluated in Petrifilm 3M® slides and the Brucella (milk ring test) test was carried out in 34 herds registered in the Federación de Ganaderos de Boyacá, in two different periods of the year. Statistics differences were found between the time of recollection and total counts. In the raining season cows are exposed to environmental contamination (mud, dung, etc), and therefore the total count of Mesophiles, Coliforms and Somatic Cells increases. Furthermore, the actives related to milking routine are not being effective in the reduction of the microbiologic counts. As consequence, the increase of micro organisms in the mammary gland causes mastitis and therefore a decrease in the quality of milk, which is reflected in the sanitary and hygienic components of the product and so in the economic benefits received by the producer.

Se determinó y analizó el comportamiento de los electrolitos sodio (Na+), cloro (Cl-) y potasio (K+) en equinos atletas de alto rendimiento en salto en Bogotá, con el fin de establecer los valores normales en reposo y la respuesta de los electrolitos al ejercicio. Las muestras fueron tomadas en la Escuela de Equitación del Ejército Nacional, Club los Arrayanes y la Escuela de Carabineros de la Policía Nacional (CESPO) en la ciudad de Bogotá. Se utilizaron 40 equinos deportistas de salto alto, hembras y machos, entre los 6 y los 12 años de edad. Se tomaron muestras en cuatro tiempos: T0 (Reposo), T1 (inmediatamente después de los saltos), T2 (entre media y una hora después de los saltos) y T3 (entre la 1 hora y hora y media después de los saltos). Como resultado se obtuvo los valores normales en los diferentes tiempos y se estableció la curva de comportamiento de los electrolitos. Los valores obtenidos en mmol/L fueron: para el T0: Sodio: 140.70+/-2.61, Potasio: 3.67+/-0.98, Cloro: 101.76+/-1.48; para el T1: Sodio: 130.56+/-34.59, Potasio: 4.34+/-0.29, Cloro: 103.81+/-2.07; para el T2 Sodio: 129.92+/-33.48 Potasio: 3.79+/-0.29, Cloro: 10.1.21+/-2.22; y, por último, el T3: Sodio: 139.07+/- 3.96, Potasio: 3.90+/-0.37, Cloro: 101.07+/-2.28. Este trabajo es un gran aporte a la medicina deportiva del país ya que esta información no existía en el país y se puede trabajar ahora la medicina deportiva con fundamentos científicos.

The embryo transfer is a biotechnological technique that allows increasing the descendant of animals with high genetic value. The positive results, represented in pregnancy after the application of this technique, are affected by some factors that are inherent to the donor, the embryo, the technique, and the recipients which receive a strange embryo in the uterus allowing pregnancy. This review describes some factors affecting the reproductive efficiency of the recipients of bovine embryos within a program of embryo transfer. Its important to evaluate the parameters in this kind of recipients, as race, age, physiological status, health status, weight, reproductive tract integrity and management, and also too monitoring the ovarian structures while the estrus synchronization, and within previous and posterior stages in embryo transfer procedure. Therefore an optimum follicular development will be determinant to corpus luteum formation which generates enough serum progesterone concentrations to offer a right uterine environment allowing the optimum embryo development. Controlling the factors that affect the efficiency of the embryo transfer, it will obtain an increasing of positive results represented in pregnancies and births of individuals come from animals with high genetic value.

Screwworm myiasis causes staining fur around infested wounds with malodorous blooding exudates. Pathological effects include mechanical irritation because of larval feeding until dead of hosts under successive infestations. In natural conditions, population densities of screwworm fly are low. Its distribution follows running waters, potential hosts proximity and vegetation density. Warm and moist climate increases of screwworm populations. Among domestic animals, cattle are mostly affected by screwworm myiasis. Risk factors in animals are related to management practices. In humans, the children and the elderly, homeless and dirty, are more vulnerable. Technical aspects for analysis in planning ecological and epidemiological studies in Colombia are pointed out.

The snail culture is an activity that requires of investigative processes for his optimal development. In Colombia the advances documented on the subject are almost inexistent. Therefore, it is responsibility of the veterinary doctor to create studies that generate a real knowledge on topics as the disease prevention within the snail breeding place. This investigation tries to make a sanitary diagnosis in each phase of the biological cycle of the snail Helix aspersa (O.F. Muller, 1774) bred in captivity. It also determines how different environmental factors (temperature, humidity, altitude above sea level, etc.), and different forms of handling can be or no implied in the presentation of any disease. Thus, it identifies and classifies the main pathogenic agents of the land Helix snails in different environmental conditions of regions appropriate for the snail culture in Colombia. This study also makes an analysis of nonparametric observations studies, by observing particular pathological cases, exposed or not, to different risk factors. They measure the prevalence of every disease after applying a survey epidemiologist of risks, determining the pathologies related to the presented symptomatology and carrying out a microbiological isolation of the main contained pathogenic agents in each snail breeding place. The most significant pathologies will be documented inside the snail breeding place, based on the analysis of results through associations, and the rates of incidence for each disease, the presented relative risk, and the main factors of risk will be determined. Finally, with suitable breeding practices established after this study, we can foresee the presence of these alterations in the production of the snail in Colombia.

La circovirosis porcina es un síndrome infectocontagioso, causado por el circovirus porcino tipo 2 (PCV-2), que se manifiesta principalmente como una enfermedad de lechones recién destetados, causando dermatitis, neuropatías, fallas reproductivas, neumonía y encefalitis. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron validar una técnica de PCR para detección de PCV-2 en sueros porcinos y la aplicación de la técnica validada en muestras de sueros porcinos para detección del PCV-2. Se encontró, después de la aplicación de 2 diferentes PCRs, que el 100% de los animales fueron negativos a PCV-2; además, la PCR dirigida a una región entre las ORF 1 y 2 del virus se presentó como más sensible al ser comparada a otra PCR dirigida al gen de la proteína de la cápside. Se concluyó que la PCR es una técnica válida para la detección de PCV-2 en sueros porcinos y que la población muestreada era libre del virus.