vol. 12 núm. 2 (2020)

the investigation indicates the importance of the vegetation surveys as an opening up alternative for the knowledge of the main species in order to associate with the coffee system and generate sustainable services and a better coffee. The work was carried out in the municipalities of Sandoná, Consacá and The Florida, located in the coffee ecotope 221A, in the department of Nariño. The information was collected through a random survey with an open answer. Due to the data analysis it was found that 93, 97 and 99% of the coffee farms with species of trees for the provision of shade for Sandoná, Consacá and The Florida respectively, presented one or more associated tree species. Regarding the relative index of abundance for Sandoná, Consacá and The Florida, it was found that the species with the highest percentage were guamo, with 14.5, 17 and 18% respectively; the orange tree, with 12.3, 13 and 14% respectively; avocado, with 11, 10 and 10% respectively; and lemon, with 11.8, 13 and 16% respectively. The species richness, dominated by guamos, orange trees and lemons was presented by a high diversity of 0.91 for Sandoná, 0.9 for Consacá and 0.89 for The Florida. For the similarity index, values of 0.65 were presented between Sandoná and Consacá; likewise, between Sandoná and the Florida, the index was 0.57. Similarly, the index of 0.71 was presented for Consacá and The Florida. The farms presented the associated systems of a coffee production, highlighting guamo and citrus as the main species.

Spinal cord injuries of a traumatic type which affect certain breeds with a greater predisposition are frequent in the clinic of small animals. This corresponds to the adult male patient of the Pekinese breed, who suffered a trauma from a fall that led to motor-sensory dysfunction. This case was managed in an interdisciplinary way despite mainly unexpected economic limitations; part of the therapy had a type of nursing practice until surgical and physiotherapeutic treatment, where the plan elaborated is deepened prioritising the objectives and the patient´s tolerance. Finally, the patient recovers successfully and returns to it´s daily activities with minimal consequences.

Livestock production has been stigmatized based on the production of greenhouse gases (GHG), mainly methane gas (CH4 ). However, most of the population does not know the real numbers of the contribution of each economic sector to the production of these gases all over world. The United Nations (UN) estimates that the world population will reach 8.6 billion in 2030 and 9.8 billion in 2050, bringing the need to increase the production of food for humans and consequently animal consumption. Within the CH4 production mitigation strategies, the dietary manipulation is a simple and practical approach, which can guarantee better productivity, as well as reducing CH4 emissions by up to 40%. There is a possibility to classify dietary protein in relation to the place of the animal use, that is, it can be called rumen degraded protein (RDP) or rumen undegradable protein (RUP). On the other hand, it is known that the ruminal fermentation of carbohydrates and proteins lead to the cattle´s production of enteric CH4 . In such a way, the use of RUP could limit the growth of methanogenic microorganisms due to the low availability of H2 and methyl groups in the rumen for its metabolism, consequently reducing the CH4 emissions. This review aims to present details of ruminal metabolism and the results of recent studies using RUP sources to reduce CH4 emissions in ruminants.

The current pandemic of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome of a type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has generated the necessary rethinking of the conditions in which the human species develops and interacts with other living beings. It was necessary to understand the fundamental guideline under which the ecosystems work, which consists of the dynamic and continuous interaction of all its parts, where none of them is prioritized. This implies the necessary implementation of such initiatives as The One Health, which seek to integrate environmental, animal and human health, for the effective pandemic overcoming processes. They are especially important in the areas of greatest risk or vulnerable areas, such as the Colombian and continental Amazon region.

The present study describes the heart rate, respiratory rate and hematological parameters of Colombian Criollo horses trained in a swimming pool at the Villa María breeding farm in El Palmar, Villa del Rosario in the North of Santander. Seven Colombian Criollo horses between 36 and 60 months old were sampled at rest (T0), at the end of the training (T1) and 15 minutes after finishing the training (T2). The focus of this research was quantitative, based on measuring the characteristics of the phenomenon, delimited by the variations of physiological and hematological constants of the evaluated equines. The analysis of the results showed that the T0 and T2 samples presented physiological parameters within the normal ranges for heart rate, respiratory rate and hematological parameters. In the T1 sampling, the lymphocytes and monocytes showed difference in relation to the other samples, where the lymphocytes decreased and the monocytes exceeded the normal level. These results indicated a higher degree of response to stress.

The present work is based on the results obtained after conducting an analysis of fish production in the municipality of Florencia, which is located in the Colombian Amazon; six townships were taken into account; that of El Caraño, that of Santo Domingo, that of Venice, that of San Martín, that of Orteguaza and that of San Pedro. 120 families were surveyed and four basic components related to production were evaluated: the social, the productive, the economic and the legal-environmental components. The data obtained were entered into the Infostat professional version program (Di rienzo, et al., 2019). From there, a principal component-PCA analysis was performed; Regarding the social component, it was found that 120 families depend on the activity under study and that it contributes about 78% of the economic capital of that population; It is also evidenced that a great variety of species are cultivated and that the greatest production takes place in the district of Venice, producing approximately 200 tons per year, to a greater extent of cachama; For its part, the El Caraño district produces mostly silver mojarra (Oreochoromis niloticus) and Amazonian shad (Bricon melonepterus), an average of 1 ton per year; the Santo Domingo district produces carp (Ciprinius carpio) and bocachico (Prochylodus nigricans) in approximately 2 tons per year; San Martín, San Pedro and Orteguaza have medium productions. Among the species with the highest economic value is the pirarucú (Arapaima gigas), with a value of between 20,000 to 26,000 COP per kilogram and the Striped catfish (Pseudoplatystoma fassciatum) with a value of between 11,000 to 14,000 COP per kilogram. It is also evidenced that only one (1)of the 6 townships meets the requirements established for proper environmental and legal operation.

This research was oriented to estimate the specific diversity state through wealth, variety and equitability indices in coffee production systems in four municipalities of the May, Central and Western subregions of the department of Nariño (Colombia). The information was obtained through field visits during the first semester of 2019 in 100 sampling sites in each municipality. In each farm the tree species were identified and their respective taxonomic classification was carried out. 76 tree species were found within the 400 identified coffee production systems, where 35.5% were present in the four municipalities of a study aim. They belong to 37 families, the Fabaceae family being the most representative and the orange (Citrus x Aurantium) species being the most frequent one, found in 299 farms of the total number assessed. The Unión was established as the municipality with the highest number of species and the highest value of richness indices with the presence of 60 different species, while the lowest corresponds to The Florida and Sandoná. Likewise the Municipality of The Unión obtained the highest diversity values, while The Florida obtained the last position. Regarding the estimation of fairness, the municipality of Sandoná obtained the highest rating followed by The Unión, Consacá and The Florida. The rates indicate that the coffee production systems studied are of a wide variety, which contributes to the mitigation of climate change.