vol. 8 núm. 1 (2025): enero – diciembre

El agua residual generada en la producción de palma de aceite (POME) representa un problema ambiental importante, debido a su alta carga orgánica y a la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero cuando no se trata adecuadamente. Ante esta situación, este trabajo se orienta al diseño e implementación de un sistema de automatización y control para un biodigestor anaeróbico tipo batch, con el propósito de maximizar la producción de biogás a partir de este residuo. La metodología se basa en la instrumentación del reactor mediante sensores de temperatura, pH, gases y presión, integrados a una plataforma ESP32 que permite la adquisición continua de datos. Además, se implementa un control PI para la regulación térmica y un control difuso para la estabilización del pH, ya que estas variables influyen directamente en el rendimiento del proceso. A esto se suma un sistema de supervisión en tiempo real desarrollado en Python mediante comunicación WebSocket. Como principales avances, se destacan la caracterización térmica del sistema, el diseño de la etapa de potencia con cruce por cero y la implementación del monitoreo continuo del proceso.

The purpose of this research was to analyze the role of agricultural cooperatives in the department of Norte de Santander in improving working conditions for their members and their contribution to rural employment formalization. A qualitative descriptive-analytical study was conducted through documentary analysis of the national and international regulatory framework and case studies of active cooperatives identified through official records of the Superintendence of Solidarity Economy, from which information was requested through petitions. Results show that of thirteen cooperatives contacted, only two responded (COOPERACAFE and COAGROCAÑA), evidencing weaknesses in institutional transparency. Both organizations offer benefits that improve marketing conditions and access to services but do not guarantee comprehensive social security. Low female participation in cooperative structures and ambiguities in the member-cooperative relationship that perpetuate informality were identified. It is concluded that, although cooperatives contribute to economic well-being through associativity and solidarity economy, they face structural and regulatory limitations to become effective mechanisms for full labor formalization, requiring legislative updates, strengthening of state supervision, and promotion of greater equity and inclusion in rural areas.

The project focuses on the study and development of residential roof panels capable of optimizing cooling and passive thermal energy storage. These panels will be manufactured using additive manufacturing (3D printing). The purpose of this panel is to reduce energy consumption from heating and air conditioning systems. To achieve this, materials with good thermal properties that promote insulation and heat transfer will be investigated. Designs with different thermal configurations will be created using CAD software and then simulated to observe the behavior of the models under varying conditions. The simulation results will determine the most efficient model, which will then be manufactured using additive manufacturing and tested in a scaled-down, controlled environment. The goal is to obtain a functional panel that can improve the thermal efficiency of residential roofs and contribute to reducing energy consumption.

In recent years, drought has become one of the phenomena that most affects water availability and the balance of ecosystems, generating changes in land cover and plant productivity. In the La Lejía basin, located in Durania, Norte de Santander, climate variability, mainly associated with the El Niño phenomenon, has intensified dry periods and reduced water availability. This study evaluated the spatiotemporal variation of land cover in response to meteorological drought events by calculating the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and analyzing the NDVI, NDMI, and LSY indices from Landsat-8 images. The results showed an extreme drought event in the 2001-2002 period (SPI 2.0) and severe drought conditions in 2013-2014 (SPI .5). In 2014, areas with sparse vegetation (NDVI 0.25) covered 4.03 porcentaj of the watershed, while in 2023 this figure decreased to 1.26 porcentaj, indicating a recovery of vegetation as the intensity of the drought diminished. Furthermore, surface temperatures exceeding 28°C were identified in all three years analyzed, with variations in their spatial distribution and extent.

The study aimed to determine the family vulnerability of patients hospitalized in the internal medicine service of a tertiary care institution in Cúcuta through the application of the Family Vulnerability Profile scale, an instrument that characterizes sociodemographic, familial, sociocultural, legal, historical evolutionary, and dynamic relational dimensions, which allowed the identification of strengths and weaknesses in household organization and functioning, and whose results showed that most families were classified as mildly or moderately vulnerable, thus confirming the presence of significant fragility in family dynamics and providing nursing practice with foundations to design interventions aimed at strengthening cohesion, resilience, and coping capacity in hospitalization contexts.