vol. 11 núm. 1 (2019)

Pasture degradation is a problem of global interest that affects production and ecosystem health. Each state of pasture degradation corresponds to a gradual advance in the soil, plant, bovine and the environmental deterioration, gradually turning livestock farming into a source of contamination. One of these polluting sources corresponds to the GHG (Greenhouse Gases) of which, N O is the one with the greatest potential for 2 global warming; For this reason, this article relates generalities of pasture degradation to its relationship with the emission of nitrogen gases, including NH , N O and NO, through the review of documents of different worldwide 3 2 investigations, focused on the authors' experience.

The phaneroptic studies allow to identify, describe and differentiate the external particularities of the animals that will be selected to improve the consolidation processes of the breeds. The Caqueteño Creole cattle has survived thanks to its rusticity and adaptation as a result of natural selection to the conditions of the Colombian Amazonian piedmont, becoming an alternative for producers in the region. In the present investigation, the phaneroptic characters of individuals of the breed are identified. Ninetyeight individuals (34 males and 64 females) were studied in three farms in the Department of Caquetá and nine characteristics were analyzed. As a result of this investigation, two colors were identified, red (79%) and bay (21%); with short fine hair; 84% of the animals presented discontinuous dewlap and the color of the mucosa was grouped into rosy with 46 individuals and darkened in 52 individuals. No sexual dimorphism was found. Given the phenotypic characteristics identified in the current study, the Caqueteño Creole bovine is projected as a race with the right conditions to give rusticity and resistance to the crossings in livestock, however, the low number of the population triggers the alarms on the need to raise programs for their conservation and rescue.

Detailed knowledge of the number of species present in a geographic area is essential to carry out actions and programs for the use, protection, and biological conservation. In this sense, fauna inventories have proven to be very useful for the knowledge and use of biodiversity. Based on the above, a biodiversity inventory was carried out with students from Institución Educativa Rural Platanillo sede el Vergel in the municipality of San José del Fragua-Caqueta. Where non-invasive methodologies such as observation points for birds, camera traps and footprints, intensive search in amphibians and reptiles, and trawls in fish were used as a sampling method. This research resulted in a total of 81 registered species. The taxonomic group with the highest number of species was birds with 54 species, followed by mammals, and lastly amphibians, reptiles, and fish. The use of research contributed not only to know the species of the region but also in the change of attitude of the students, significantly favoring the teaching-learning processes. The foregoing is evidenced in the research results obtained by the students, where a strengthening of competencies in the area of natural sciences in the living, physical and chemical environments as evidenced through research, becoming an approximation to the updated list of fauna biodiversity for the southern Amazon of Caquetá.

Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone, used as a biological therapy whose main function is the regulation of the erythropoiesis process and the inhibition of apoptosis. It is also used as a doping method which improves competitive physical capacities of race horses by the increasing of the erythroid mass. Its adverse effects ranging from clot formation to the death of the animal. The research was aimed to describe the implications of erythropoietin as biological therapy and / or method of doping of racehorses. It was developed by searching for articles in scientific journals and databases such as Elsevier, pubmed and scielo validating key words in DeCS such as altitude, horses, doping, erythropoietin and hypoxia. Moreover, the inclusion criteria such as validity in selected time and the exclusion of incomplete texts were taken into account. As a result, the 80 articles related to the inclusion criteria were identified, from which the 40 most relevant were selected. Finally, it was concluded that erythropoietin is a fundamental hormone that induces the onset of erythropoiesis, increases erythrocyte mass and improves oxygen transportation to the tissues; besides, unlawfully, it improves competition performance, exposing the animal to side effects and the responsible personnel to ethical and legal implications.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate animal welfare in two goat production systems in Ocaña, North of Santander. The investigative approach was mixed; the aim of the qualitative component was to collect data by observation and direct interaction with the specimens. The quantitative component was to measure the four principles of the Welfare Quality® protocol (good feeding, good housing, good health and appropriate behavior), 11 criteria and 33 indicators to assess the animal welfare. The applied type of research was descriptive, characterizing the sheepfold process. The analysis of the results highlights the excellent qualification of both production systems, since the score in all the principles evaluated was greater than 55%, presenting an average general assessment of 93.47%. The results were distinguished in the following way: 98.47% good feeding, 95.02% good lodging, 90.20% good health and 90.18% in appropriate behavior, due to the points to be improved in the indicators of the evaluated criteria.

Bacterial endometritis in mares is one of the main problems in equine reproduction. Generally, the antibiotic treatments fail due to the inadequate diagnostics, which increase the cases of infertility in females. The present study was carried out with 89 mares with clinical and reproductive signs of endometritis that was diagnosed through clinical reproductive examination, ultrasound and bacterial culture (performed using the swab technique). Each mare was subjected to a linear transrectal ultrasound (Ecografo esaote mylab 30, linear probe 7.5 MHz) in which the body of the uterus, right horn, left horn and ovaries were evaluated; those mares with clinical signs compatible with endometritis, were evaluated using the swab technique. The sample was taken in several different points of the endometrium including the body and horns of the uterus; the results for each of the variables were analyzed by descriptive statistics; In case of the qualitative variables, Chi square independence tests (χ²) were performed. According to the results, a greater bacterial isolation was found in mares that presented the third grade edema, being E. coli the most frequent since it was isolated in 35 of the 89 mares