vol. 2 núm. 1 (2010): julio-diciembre de 2010

The genetic analysis of bones fragments taken from a decomposing body, confirmed the death of Alias «Edgar Tovar», commander of the 48th group of the FARC and the drug trafficking responsible for the guerrilla group. The genetic profile obtained from the human remains was compared with information obtained from nuclear DNA and Y chromosome, the father of Angel Gabriel Lozada García, obtaining a statistical probability of paternity of 99. 991% and a total match on the information contained in markers analyzed Y chromosome, which was considered sufficient to determine the identification of the body.

El legado de atrocidades del siglo veinte muestra amargamente las deficiencias colectivas de las instituciones internacionales y el profundo fracaso de los Estados para cumplir con sus responsabilidades más básicas. Dada la gravedad y duración en el tiempo de los costes generados para una sociedad por la comisión de delitos atroces (genocidio, crímenes de lesa humanidad y crímenes de guerra), el reforzamiento de la acción preventiva se convierte en fundamental. Esto aparece subrayado en el nuevo concepto de “Responsabilidadde Proteger”.

The following reflection is the result of a large doctrinal analysis, which demonstrates the current European legislation and the foreign immigration is very severe. However, this is measures that both violate human rights, are regarded as socially necessary by the «risk» that immigration poses to democracy.This study focuses on the policy of integration of foreigners in Spain; similarly the so-called policy of integrating foreigners that is a failure and consists of hidden racism and xenophobia on first place and foremost it comes from the state, which shows that the legislation has to do with the negative effects of immigration rather than its causes.

El trabajo realizado por Richard Stengel en la autobiografía de Nelson Mandela –“El largo camino hacia la libertad”–, le permitió compartir diversas experiencias con uno de los íconos de la paz, el valor, la rectitud y el sacrificio, más admirados y recordados en el mundo por la lucha que emprendió contra el apartheid en Sudáfrica. Acompañándolo en sus viajes, escuchando sus discursos políticos, viéndolo reunido con su familia, el autor logró conocer de cerca a este extraordinario ser humano, aprendizaje que decidió plasmar en la obra mediante la exposición de 15 lecciones primordiales para la vida.

The text aims to analyze the implementation of the decisions of the Inter-American Human Rights Court in Brazil. It aspire to demonstrate that, despite having ratified the American Convention on Human Rights in 1992 and have recognized the jurisdiction of the Court in 1998, there are no legal mechanisms capable to provide effectiveness to the court decisions in Brazil. It was concluded that Brazil needs an specific law to give practical effect to the sentences handed down by the Court. Therefore, it's necessary to establish clear procedures that would occur in the administrative field, and the non-compliance would be considered an affront to the principles of human dignity and democratic state of law by the Brazilian judiciary.

The phenomenon of forced displacement has been discussed several times and is a result of "recent events", however, if it is analyzed back in time, it could be found texts in which is evident that  these types of migrations have been existed for ages ago, even when it did not exist such as classifications to address this topic.Regarding the previous statements, throughout the time it is possible to comprehend that the so-called private property has had a characteristic and configurational role of the phenomena mentioned previously.   Finally, some aspects about terminology that take part in the description of migratory flows are described with the purpose of fully clarify the topic studied in this text.

Despite of the wide tittle of this article, it deals just with the more modest pretension to gather some of the main contradictions in the normative and juridical framework on the process of integration of inmigrants in Spain. This work shows the contrast between the main principles and rules contained in the juridical spanish framework on social integration of inmigrants and the real political speech as well as some social facts that seem to show, if not incoherences, yes certain reservations with some points of agreement. It proposes, finally the main lines of a model of measurement the effectiveness of the social integration, that is, the distance between norm and reality not only related to the formal respect to the fundamental rights but also coherent with the requirements of the inclusive citizenship and the civic integration according to the European Union Framework of Integration.

This article presents the results of an institutional research developed by the Telematics and Electronics School of the National Police of Colombia in 2010, a scientific and technological process which had a focus of study: the redesign, optimization and production of a portable photovoltaic power (Phase II), that will let the operations or procedures in rural areas developed with more precision and autonomy.  The previous fact provides the staff with tools, ensuring the sustainability of communications, as well as other electronic equipment that because of their nature are essential in this kind of events and that out of necessity require a source of electrical energy.This study, in its early stages, is developed by students from the School in 2009 and it has projected in this new phase doing some research to raise the product to its optimum performance, simple operation.  The previous objective will be carried out by the use of electronic equipment, the development of ergonomic, adaptable to the body, light and multifunctional designs and the technical study. Moreover, this project has great applicability for the units that are involved in rural patrol, crop eradication, protection of pipelines at the institutional level, but it could be used as well by the national army, coast guard patrols and search and rescue groups. Regarding the previous statement, this study looks at decreasing transaction costs and increasing their quality by assuring more and much better results.

Articles 4 of law 857 of 2003, " by which new laws are dictated to regulate the retirement of officers and enlisted military personnel of the Armed Forces and the National Police and the 1791 Decree of the year 2000 is modified with respect to this matter and by which other dispositions are dictated" and the 104 Decree of the year 2000, " by which it is modified the Decree that regulates the norms with respect to officers and enlisted military personnel of the Armed Forces". These articles regulate with respect to the discretionary retirement  of the officers and enlisted military personnel of the Armed Forces and the  National Police for reasons of the service.From the Constitutional perspective and the spirit of the Legislator, the discretionary power granted explicitly by law to  administrative authorities for specific situations, has been blurred by the high commands of the military, the National Police and the National Government. These individuals and institutions, instead of advancing the disciplinary, penal or administrative investigations,  when they receive any information, anonymous documentation or journalistic publications that deals with their subordinates, they choose to apply the discretionary power, in the majority of cases with serious consequences to the Public Treasure, producing in this case an increment of lawsuits against the Nation – Department of Defense, Army, Navy, Air Force and National Police.

This article looks into showing the general aspects of relations among curriculum, projects, participation and transversality to establish the possibilities to construct dialogue of knowledge among the members of the entire educational community.Therefore, it shows how the coexistence of the educational projects in the curriculum by subjects makes the teacher link to a set of proposals and activities that go beyond the class time, in order to consolidate knowledge for the students that transcend the academic aspects by developing it in the different contexts and social groups they belong.

In Colombia, the legal culture is today, an issue which should reflect upon the concept of the Social State of Law, transparency and democracy, noting that reducing levels of corruption and inequality, it's essential citizen participation.

Investigate about humans rights nature mainly implies making clear the meaning of those expressions considering these questions: Are the human rights related to the nature of culture? , Do rights exist in the nature?, strictly what is nature?, what is the meaning of the expression: natural rights?.  The previous questions take part in the discussion presented in this chapter through a classic iusnaturalism reflection in relation to the conceptions of equality, inequality and human nature. Afterwards, a brief exegesis from classic iusnaturalism to theological iusnaturalism will be presented from the vision of Pico Della Mirandola, and finally an anthropological conception of human nature, based on the idea of dignity -from Kantian point of view- will be explained, since it is the one assumed by modernity to found the existence of Human Rights.

Esta fascinante obra incluye un compendio de las más relevantes leyes, teorías o descubrimientos epónimos, es decir, aquellos que tienen el nombre de su inventor; los cuales son introducidos cronológicamente teniendo en cuenta el año de descubrimiento o, en algunos casos, de la publicación de la ley. Además, “la mayoría de las leyes incluidas en este libro proceden del campo de la física”, pues “ningún otro campo del conocimiento humano es tan extenso ni está encuadrado de manera tan simple”.

This article is the result of a research that aims to reflect about discourse and practice of self development in Colombia, considering the main legal, political and philosophical theories and taking into account the problematic situations caused in the school because of the implementation of behavior manuals.

En el fenómeno migratorio existen diversas categorías en las cuales, de acuerdo a sus condiciones se permite evidenciar un "problema" y así mismo proyectar una posible solución. En Colombia, a lo largo del siglo XX se presentó el mayor flujo migratorio del país, que se tuvo por normal hasta el ocaso del mencionado siglo, cuando por sentencia del Honorable Tribunal Constitucional de Colombia, se fijó una categoría particular para aquellas personas que tuvieron que migrar a diferentes regiones del país para salvaguardar sus vidas. Sin embargo, a pesar de ser sujetos de Derechos, como cualquier ciudadano colombiano, aún a la fecha la garantía de sus propios derechos no ha sido posible a pesar que exista una Ley exclusiva para su tratamiento, lo que no sucede con los inmigrantes extranjeros cuando llegan a establecerse en el País.

This assay presents some of the reflections on formative research and student research training, done by the author who is trying to clarify the differences between these two terms, and demonstrating the contributions that such processes are making to student formation at Colombian universities. These processes, called «student research seedbeds», provide opportunities to the students that get involved in an ongoing research. This has become as an important pedagogical strategy to teach and learn how to do research, which is an aspect of great interest in undergraduate university formation. In this sense, this writing considers the concepts previously mentioned, and the role that seed projects play in research early formation.