It is an essay that aims to induce reflection on the concept of sustainable development, the exploitation of natural resources and its association with concepts such as economics and politics. It is based on the analysis of the theories of experts on the subject.

The quality of innovation is conceived as the acceptance of a given novelty in a specific context, in general, since it is introduced to the market as a result of the use of existing capacities (OEDC, 2005; Romero-Betancur & Pinzón, 2017), However, this conception does not clearly establish who receives its benefits or what elements are necessary to obtain it, this text proposes two states in which the ability to appropriate the benefits of innovation is affected: given the existence of complementary goods or assets and given changes of technological paradigm.

En un estudio previo se determinó el alto potencial de control biológico de la levadura Pichia onychis cepa Lv027 contra Rhizopus stolonifer causante de la pudrición húmeda en tomate en la poscosecha. Por lo que el propósito de este trabajo fue establecer la concentración mínima efectiva de la cepa Lv027, determinar el tiempo óptimo de aplicación de la cepa Lv027, evaluar in vitro e in planta los efectos de la competencia por nutrientes y espacio de esta misma cepa contra R. stolonifer y observar la interacción de la cepa Lv027 en presencia de las esporangiosporas del mencionado fitopatógeno. En el primer ensayo, se seleccionó la concentración de 1x107células*ml-1 de la cepa Lv027, ya que presentó valores de antagonismo contra R. stolonifer de 86,2% a 6°C a 20°C de 85,1%. En el segundo, se estableció que al inocular la cepa Lv027 de la levadura mínimo 18 h antes que el fitopatógeno, se alcanza niveles de antagonismo del 88,0% a 6°C y del 100% a 20°C. En el tercero,  se determinó el efecto de la cepa Lv027 sobre el crecimiento del micelio de R. stolonifer mediante la medición del peso seco, al ser ambos microorganismos cultivados al mismo tiempo en un medio sintético suplementado, con glucosa, fructosa y sacarosa, encontrándose una reducción de peso seco del micelio de R. stolonifer de 83,0%, 28,0% y 62,2% respectivamente; los anteriores resultados sugieren que la cepa Lv027 es más eficiente que R. stolonifer para la utilización de los mencionados azúcares como fuentes de carbono, reduciendo el crecimiento de este fitopatógeno. De otra parte,  en las heridas hechas en frutos de tomate e inoculadas con la levadura antagonista y el fitopatógeno, se observa reducción en el desarrollo del tubo germinativo de las esporangiosporas de R. stolonifer  a las 6 h de 19,0%, siendo éste muy inferior al producido por el fitopatógeno en ausencia de la cepa Lv027, en donde alcanza un valor promedio de 85,0%; a las 12 h, se observó la misma tendencia, pero con valores germinación de las esporangiosporas de R. stolonifer del 15,0% en presencia de la cepa Lv027,  pero en ausencia de esta las esporangiosporas del fitopatógeno alcanzan un 92,0% de germinación. De acuerdo con los resultados presentados en los bioensayos, la concentración mínima efectiva de la cepa Lv027 es de 1x107células*ml-1 a 6°C y 20°C, la aplicación de la cepa Lv027, se debe realizar de forma preventiva con un mínimo tiempo de aplicación de 18 h. A partir de los resultados, también se evidencia fenómenos de competencia por nutrientes (carbohidratos) entre la cepa Lv027 de P. onychis frente a R. stolonifer, lo que se evidencia en el reducido desarrollo del micelio y baja germinación de las esporangiosporas del fitopatógeno en presencia de la cepa Lv027. Se sugiere, realizar futuros ensayos con esta levadura antagonista en condiciones comerciales de poscosecha de tomate.

In the present study, a comparative analysis of the optimization of the hyperparameters used in the XGBoost model for the forecast of sales units is proposed with a time series of e-commerce sales, using grid search and genetic algorithms. Grid search is carried out in order to compare the performance of both optimization methods in their performance with the R^2 metric and the execution times, taking the sales data set, treating it, and implementing the XGBoost model with its hyperparameters by default and then applying the optimizations in 6 hyperparameters defined in two groups with different values, to proceed with the comparison. The results show that the grid search works better for optimization in the data set used, giving a result of 69.24%, while the genetic algorithm fails to reach an effective prediction, which opens the door to explore other libraries of evolutionary algorithms that can contribute to the investigation.

This article is the result of a review of books, journals and various documents related to adult learning and aims to present an overview of the main contributions of andragogy to teaching and its principles and characteristics. It also desires to point out those structural and didactic aspects that differentiate it from pedagogy. Likewise, the paper intends to show how information and communication technologies (ICTs) are a valuable resource for the andragogical educational process, since through their means and tools learning environments can be developed that are adjusted to psychosocial needs, conditions and cognitive styles of the adult learner.

Choco, is one of the 32 departments of Colombia, it is the only department which has a coast on the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, Quibdó is its capital, the urban area is located on the right bank of the Atrato river, the city is in one of the most forested regions of Colombia, being one of the Pacific areas where rainfall is abundant during the year, among other environmental aspects, this contributed to building buildings with different natural materials such as guadua, palm and lately the use of timber forest species generally used for the construction of one and two-story buildings, but there is a shortage of these throughout the Chocoano territory, it is necessary to determine some causes such as: illegal mining, legal and illegal logging, expansion of livestock among others, which have generated negative situations for the environment, economic and social problems for the most vulnerable communities which in a certain way give rise to some natural resources, these causes have been investigated by local and national environmental institutions which have established resolutions, decrees with which it is sought to avoid these activities harmful to the environment.- the above contributed to investigate and identify a sustainable alternative material for the construction of buildings, which must present favorable conditions for the construction of one and two-story buildings , durability, friendly to the environment, resistant among other benefits, and also offering sustainable advantages to communities and the environment.

The Colombian Air Force is a military institution focused on the hierarchy and the development of processes that are aligned with the constitutional order, in which a significant interest in innovation, creativity and technology has been generated, proposing strategies that allow carry out an administration of human talent of excellence. Therefore, the need to strengthen the human management system is created, which promotes motivation, a sense of belonging and loyalty of their talents. Based on the formation of a human management system of excellence, the Colombian Air Force is developing the following investigation "Strategic Human Management Model (MEGH), under a Phase I systemic approach", which intends to interrelate and synchronize the information of the computer systems and each of the subsystems of the Human Talent Management process in an integral way, in order to add value to the decision-making of the commanders, either for the daily management of human talent in the FAC (ex. transfers, training, evaluation by competencies, development plans, performance evaluation, among others; as well as for making decisions of a strategic nature, (eg, the projection of high-value profiles such as the selection of critical positions and / or positions of confidence), in addition to obtaining information that allows predictive and prescriptive analytics, aimed at improving institutional results. Therefore, the following reflective article is part of the first phase of this research, with the theoretical review of the systemic approach, the management of human talent and its interaction with the macro and micro processes developed in the Colombian Air Force.

It is imperative at this time of the educational process to recognize the 21st century as the century of the megatrends of Pedagogy, in this field the pedagogical practice becomes a fundamental element for the development of the professional life of future bachelors. This article aims to socialize the results of the research that was carried out with the purpose of establishing the characterization of the teachers who string along with the teaching practice as advisors in the different educational institutions of the municipality of Ibagué. It is important to clarify that they have an agreement with the School of Education, of the University of Tolima. It was significant to know their opinions about the fundamental factors of the development of the teaching practice to evaluate their effectiveness, impact and rethink some aspects that allow improving the exercise of it. The research was quantitative-qualitative, the information was collected through surveys in order to characterize the advisory teachers and through focus groups the advisor teachers were heard and information was collected to evaluate the teaching practice. Knowing the advances, achievements, shortcomings, and limitations allowed with a safe basis to elaborate the plan of Improvement of the exercise of the Teaching Practice in the University and to reorient its process.

Cuando las personas se despertaron deseando grades triunfos y experiencias para la nueva década el 1 de enero del 2020, pocas se podían imaginar su comienzo, el tsunami que se nos venía encima y que drásticamente cambiaría nuestras vidas en todos los niveles, desde el sanitario, económico, social, hasta el educativo, que es en el que nos centraremos en el presente capítulo. De forma urgente y rápida, la pandemia transformó la enseñanza de nuestras instituciones educativas, pasando de modelos fuertemente anclados en la concepción transmisiva de la formación y en la presencialidad docente-discente, a una situación fuertemente mediada por las tecnologías digitales y donde la presencialidad analógica no existía; los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje se realizaron fundamentalmente de manera virtual, situación instruccional desconocida para una gran mayoría de los profesores y los estudiantes y frente a la cual las instituciones educativas no tenían una preparación suficiente.

This work presents the assessment of the main urban river of the city of Tunja, in Colombia, the Jordan River. The objective is to assess the conditions of the urban and environmental elements around the watercourse. The methodology is oriented to the assessment of physical aspects such as urban furniture, natural elements and existing infrastructure; in addition to the signaling, the use and appropriation of space, and the geological processes of instability on slopes. The results allow to indicate the existence of spaces not suitable for the provision of urban furniture, a deficient use and appropriation of the space, some natural elements without maintenance, an acceptable existing infrastructure and low-risk threats characterized by erosion, subsidence and cracking. It concludes on the need to have adequate urban furniture to counteract the low use of space, also on the applicability of the proposed qualitative-quantitative methodology, and the possibility of using greening methods to treat stability problems.

Based on the new needs of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), a product of Industry 4.0 and a globalized environment that demands the development and implementation of new information technologies, PymeNegocios emerges, a legal tech services platform  that systematizes intermediation and the analysis, enlistment and diagnosis of companies (due diligence)  in the processes of investing, buying and selling businesses through artificial intelligence techniques and data analytics. This initiative seeks to facilitate and streamline the commercial operations of SMEs in the Colombian economy, which allows them to extend to Latin America.

Every time we are confronted with consuming multiple products and services, regardless of the damage that has clearly not having the fundamental maxims that must be taken into account to avoid creating more pollution to the planet. One theory that has gained momentum is the Sustainability Supply Chain Management, SSCO, which configured with processes management chain green supply, contribute to reducing the environmental impact and improve service-level agreement of organizations.

Disease problems have traditionally been treated through the use of chemical fungicides; However, this measure has unwanted effects, such as the emergence of resistance to diseases, contamination of soils and water sources, and on human health. For this reason, the use of biological control by means of native microorganisms is proposed for the control of diseases of commercial crops; since these do not accumulate in the trophic chains and present very low toxicity. Among these, the Trichoderma fungus stands out, it has presented a high control of vascular wilt, overturning, gray mold among others; These are diseases of importance in crops of the Sabana de Bogotá and Boyacá.

The following article is the result of research done on the impact of the use of the blog as a teaching strategy in the area of philosophy. It is important to note the achievements made by working the edublog as support in the process of teaching and learning that comes from the experience gained in the observation of teaching; taking into account the constant systematization and practice of innovative technological resources that were emerging as time went on. The school environment has been an enabling environment for the use of these new technologies in space because he was responding to the expectations that this process originated; where it was also recognized that from the proper use of ICTs (Information and Communication) can route the integral formation of the person.

La presente reseña describe y analiza algunos puntos de vista sobre dos elementos de reflexión asociados al debate sobre las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación: la brecha digital y su relación con la educación. Estos dos elementos hacen parte de los estudiados en el libro Brecha digital y sus determinantes de 2016, de Adolfo Rodríguez Gallardo, publicado por la Universidad Autónoma de México. El eje central de la obra es la conexión de este problema, la brecha digital, con los procesos alternativos educacionales que permiten, paulatinamente, construir concepciones acerca del abismo tecnológico bajo el denominador, justamente, de brecha digital, desde una perspectiva de los determinantes culturales.

This reflection article proposes some pedagogical and didactic orientations for the approach to childhood's problems, based on the review and analysis of the social problems presented by this group in the city of Bogota and the recognition of the educational value of technologies as pedagogical mediation for the participation and empowerment of children. In order to make this analysis, the starting point was to try to understand the problems as a category that needs to be approached from its complexity, and childhood, from a holistic vision that recognizes children as individuals who have a voice and who can, from their own actions, become agents of prevention of the multiple problems that afflict them. Therefore, it is proposed, from the use and appropriation of technologies, to highlight the role of childhood in the construction of empowerment and participation processes, reflecting on the alternatives of intervention to solve the problems that these actors experience in their daily lives.  

The general objective of this article is to analyze the concept of the community mana- ger from an integral perspective. Its impor- tance lies in rethinking the role of community manager since its academic training; contribu- te significantly and substantially to the profes- sional and academic training of the new social communicator; and create an efficient profile for the productive sector from the practical oc- cupation at the business level of the community manager from the problem situation that describes What academic offer exists in Bogo- tá - Colombia for the formation of community manager from the social communication pro- grams? Methodologically a qualitative - des- criptive scheme is followed under the content analysis technique. The proposed result is the design of a training proposal in community manager as an occupational expert in the field of social communication.

The aim was to compare the vegetation cover 2015 year with the agricultural frontier presented in the last national agricultural census in the Teusacá River sub-basin. Through a multitemporal analysis, the dynamics of agricultural areas, forests and urbanized areas in the Teusacá River sub-basin were determined. It was found that the area of forest and natural herbaceous vegetation was 14,143.29 hectares in 2015, occupying 39% in the study area. A 1% increase in forest area was observed with respect to the 1997 record; mainly detected on the villages: La Diana, Aposentos, Meusa and La Violeta in the Sopó municipality, Salitre and Santa Isabel in the Guasca municipality and San Cayetano, Frailejonal and El Volcán in La Calera municipality. Also, there was an increase in the vegetation cover in the southeast sector of the Mercenario and San Gabriel villages of the La Calera municipality and in the Salitre village between Guasca and Sopo. However, the quality of the Teusacá River water resource is being affected mainly in the Sopo sector by uncontrolled industrial and domestic dumping. It is suggested to carry out educational campaigns so that the inhabitants understand the importance of conserving, reforesting, keeping the water in good conditions so that the sub-basin maintains a sustainable ecological balance that guarantees the environmental services that it offers. Key words: Drainage area; vegetation maps; ecological balance; environmental conservation

This experimental study analyzes the deterioration of guadua when in direct exposure to atmospheric agents (solar radiation, rain, wind, and changes in ambient temperature) to evaluate the behavior of protection treatments, through a comparative analysis of protected and unprotected elements exposed under identical conditions. A structure was developed in guadua angustifolia kunth in which different angles were included in the elements and on some of these a protective film of lasur was applied with several previous preparations on the surface. The test was exposed to the elements for 11 months, during which the deterioration of the structure was monitored by visual inspection and photographic documentation on a periodic basis. Subsequently, samples of the exposed elements were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Photodegradation was identified as a primary lesion, evident in the elements with and without protection, with greater impact on the horizontal elements, which receive more solar radiation. Derived from photodegradation, other secondary lesions were found such as the presence of fissures and cracks, which compromise the surface of the material and allow the appearance of biotic agents in the guadua. Surfaces not directly exposed to solar radiation did not show significant effects, so it was concluded that the main aspect against which the guadua should be protected is direct solar radiation and that the protection procedures applied do not offer actual good performance against the test conditions, suggesting the need to seek efficient alternatives for this condition.

Entender las competencias digitales en educación superior y las condiciones estructurales en el Perú, requiere un análisis documental transversal con datos abiertos y contenido arbitrado; caracterizando el modelo de competencias digitales a partir de la traducción y adaptación del cuestionario «DigCompEdu Check-In» entendido como conjunto de saberes que recoge lo cognitivo, procedimental y volitivo. Se identifican 1,086 instituciones educativas (89.23% nivel no universitario y el 10.77% nivel universitario), su comunidad educativa compuesta por 1,873,074 estudiantes (25.90% nivel no universitario y el 74.10% nivel universitario) y 93,764 docentes (26.86% nivel no universitario y el 73.14% nivel universitario). Evidenciando para la toma de decisiones la brecha de infraestructura tecnológica para el acceso a internet (38.7% cobertura en hogares); y, la necesidad de implementar la Red Dorsal Nacional de Fibra Óptica en el componente de transporte y acceso en todo el territorio peruano.