A comparative analysis was performed on two fruit-farming organizations agro-ecologically and conventionally oriented and established its affinity with fair trade principles. A survey was done on fruit production, marketing systems and opportunities to sell "fair price" products. It was found that both groups are small farmers, agro-ecological producers offer a variety of fruit, because of not using chemicals the consumers recognize the quality by an extra charge, they sell their products in farmer markets and generate direct relationships with consumers.Conventional producers offer only Lulo (Solanum quitoense), chemicals are used, the indicator of quality is recognized by the size and presentation of the fruit and marketing is done in supermarkets. We conclude that agro-ecological producers would be close to a way of fair trade, provided that incorporate quality improvement programs, and use the product information and communication technologies for development of cooperation networks and identification of market niches. It is important to support public or private access to credit, infrastructure and market information to help in decision making improvement.

The population of ruminants in the world is increasing, since its products constitute a source of protein of high nutritional value for the human population; nevertheless, this increase, will contribute in great proportion to the global warming and to the deterioration of the ozone layer, since between the subproducts of the ruminal fermentation, carbonic gas and methane are found. &e last one is produced by the anaerobic bacteria present in the rumen that di'erent types of substrata use, principally H2 and CO2. &e action of the bacteria producers of methane depends to a great extent on the type of substrata presented in the diet, and of the chemical and physical characteristics of the same one. &erefore, it is possible to diminish the e'ects that the productive systems of ruminants have on the environment, o'ering the animals nutritional alternatives that besides reducing the emission of methane to the atmosphere, will also reduce the energetic losses that for this concept it presents in the ruminants. In the present review the idea of using forages of the tropic that contain secondary metabolics that could concern the population of protozoan’s combined with forages of high nutritional value is presented and the idea of obtaining very good proved productive results is possible to simultaneously diminishes the gas emission of methane to the atmosphere

To evaluate dynamics in nutritional composition of tropical forages used in cattle production in Colombia a systematic research was made, using a regular search engine, for studies published in Colombia between 1985 and 2015, Those studies had to include chemical composition data, such as crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and in vitro dry matter digestibility (CP, NDF, ADF, IVDMD). Likewise studies that reported productive parameters such as daily weight gain (DWG Kg/d), milk yield (MY Lt/d), Animals per hectare (UGG/ha), were included. A lineal regression model was used for chemical components and productive parameters for the period studied. Starting from the global research, 105 studies were included from 17 research database, from which 9 species were selected (species with more than 5 studies published). No lineal trends were observed in the time lapse analyzed, for neither chemicals fractions nor productive parameters related to forage quality. However for Brachiaria sp and Paspalum sp a positive trend was detected for UGG/ha (r2=0.54 y 0.53,respectively). Despite the low significance of the coefficients of determination of lineal regression model for the 9 species selected, an overall lineal increase in CP and IVDMD was observed, and also a lineal reduction for ADF (except for Lolium sp and Dichantium sp). Regarding to productive parameters, a slight positive trend was observed for the UGG/ha in most of the species analyzed. This kind of study becomes in a valuable tool in order to explain and to predict the nutritional behavior of the forage species and its effect on livestock productive parameters.

Samples were collected from 2 forage plants (leaf stalk) of the species Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia in different soil conditions (departments of Valle del Cauca and Cesar) and evaluated for total polyphenol content, total tannins, condensed tannins and Saponinas. The purpose was to detect the effect of the conditions of electrical conductivity on the concentration of these secondary fitobiomoléculas metabolized by the plant cell. We applied analytical techniques and instrumental AOAC (2005) to determine the presence of such fitometabolitos side. The results obtained for each variable were subjected to analysis of variance two-way, in order to determine statistical differences between areas sampled and evaluated species. Additionally, we performed a multiple correlation analysis using the Pearson coefficient, in order to detect any correlation between electrical conductivity and the content of secondary metabolites quantified in the species sampled. It was concluded that the content of total polyphenols, total tannins, condensed tannins and saponins did not show statistically significant differences between the three areas sampled, and there was high correlation between the value of the electrical conductivity of soil and content of secondary metabolites.

In the highlands of Bogota at 2600 masl, temperature 14°C and 1013 mm of precipitation, three plots have been furbished by modifying the physico- chemical conditions of the soil and planted the species Lotus corniculatus to evaluate content of condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, phenols, tannins that precipitate protein, saponins and alkaloids. The purpose was to determine the effect of soil conditions on the concentration of secondary phytobiomolecules. Analytical and instrumental techniques of AOAC were applied to determine the presence of secondary phytometabolites and the obtained results were put through a simple variance analysis. Additionally a multiple correlation analysis was done, using the Pearson’s coefficient. It was found that the production of condensed tannins, tannins and hydrolysable tannins that precipitate protein in L. corniculatus, varies, with highly different significant statistics according to the soil type. The content of total phenols, in the wrapping did not show significative differences among treatments (P>0.05). The ammoniacal nitrogen of the soil correlated negatively and significantly with the concentration of hydrolysable tannins and with the tannins that precipitate protein. It was found negative correlation between the effective cationic exchange capacity of soils and production of condensed tannins and total phenols in the studied plant. A correlation between the change in pH in the soil and the content of condensed tannins and and hihgly significant with the tannins that precipitate protein was identified. It is concluded that the variation of the physico-chemical conditions of the soil affect the production of secondary metabolites in L. corniculatus.