Detection and early diagnosis of swine diseases are essential for timely health intervention. For example, it can help reduce antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which occurs when microorganisms change when exposed to antimicrobial resistance. AMR increases the risk of disease spread and represents a public health problem worldwide. Inadequate diagnosis of diseases in farm animals is one of the principal causes of the development of AMR. For this reason, timely and adequate diagnosis of diseases represents one of the main strategies for preventing AMR. Recent evidence suggests that pig producers in Colombia do not have access to the infrastructure or diagnostic services available in the country. This article characterizes and identifies the main barriers to access to the diagnostic services network and quantifies their relevance. knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, behaviors and practices associated with the diagnosis of diseases and the use of antibiotics in pig farms in the country were first qualitatively characterized. Then, a complementary natural language analysis was performed to provide complementary evidence for the definition of the barriers. Finally, the importance of each of these needs was quantified. The study identified 11 groups of access barriers in categories related to lack of knowledge, economic aspects, and accessibility, among others. The results suggest that the barriers related to training have the highest importance for the producers. The barriers identified can support the formulation of public policies at the local and inter-institutional levels for adopting available diagnostic services.

The effect of the transport time on lost of live weight and carcass of broilers in two lines in four different farms was evaluated. 930 birds were taken to analyze the transport effect from the farm to the benefit plant over lines and sexes and its influence on mortality and economical lost. 96 trips with 163.724 broilers were analyzed to characterize the information of the variables time, line, sex, and weight, we also used descriptive statistical, correlation analysis and two regression models to determine the economic lost, and to establish the existence of differences in the reduction, we worked with one random design 4x2x2. Additionally and because of the different handling follow in each farm a random design was implemented 2x2. Difference in the lost weight among males and females was found., there were no significant differences for the carcass in the four farms, and into the ranch only were differences for sex. Males were more affected by the conditions, the quality and the transport time than the distance from the farm to the benefit plant.

A characterization of the hygienic and sanitary quality of uncooked milk in the Alto de Chicamocha (Department of Boyacá) was made. An analysis with laboratory tests was made in which the total count of Somatic Cells, Mesophiles, Staphylococcus, Coliforms and Listeria were evaluated in Petrifilm 3M® slides and the Brucella (milk ring test) test was carried out in 34 herds registered in the Federación de Ganaderos de Boyacá, in two different periods of the year. Statistics differences were found between the time of recollection and total counts. In the raining season cows are exposed to environmental contamination (mud, dung, etc), and therefore the total count of Mesophiles, Coliforms and Somatic Cells increases. Furthermore, the actives related to milking routine are not being effective in the reduction of the microbiologic counts. As consequence, the increase of micro organisms in the mammary gland causes mastitis and therefore a decrease in the quality of milk, which is reflected in the sanitary and hygienic components of the product and so in the economic benefits received by the producer.

The purpose of this work was to carry out a study about the effects of subclinical mastitis in cows of 34 dairy farms in the Upper Chicamocha region (Boyacá department).The farms are registered in the livestock farmers association of Boyacá (FABEGAN). This study was done with the aim to know about the infection status of cows and establish which are the principal etiologic agents associated with the disease and its relation with the milking routine. To this aim, applied comparison even tests for the productive variables to relate with the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and the microbiological characterization, a blocks design under factorial 2 x 4 array to analyze the existence of significant differences between the mastitis grades, the sample season and its interaction, and blocks design under factorial 2 x 4 array to analyze the existence of significant differences among the mastitis subclinical grades, the sampling season and its interaction. 6616 quarters were submitted to the California Mastitis Test (CMT) in two times and different season. The results did not show any significant differences between the two times of sampling. The positive samples according with CMT (CMT-2 and CMT-3) were submitted to microbiological tests where, in the most of the cases of mastitis, the presence of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus was detected. They are the main etiologic agents in the disease. The results indicate the close relation between the milking routine and mastitis. The deficient practices in the milking process are the cause of dissemination and prevalence of mastitis in farms.