By filtration, reabsortion and excretion, the kidneys maintain homeostasis in living organs. Dogs with renal injuries have theses processes affected, which alter homeostasis. This results in a history of kidney failure. Parameters were evaluated that estimate filtration, reabsortion and renal excretion in three groups of dogs, related to serum creatinine concentration, urinary protein to creatinine ratio, creatinine clearance, fractional excretion (FE) of calcium, phosphorus, sodium and magnesium, as well as the serum profile of these electrolytes. The G1 group consisted of ten dogs with no alteration in renal function parameters; fifteen dogs with compromised renal function were divided into two groups (G2 and G3, respectively, based on the phases described by IRIS 2009). The groups were compared based on the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dunn test. G3 dogs showed an increase in serum concentrations of phosphorus, sodium and magnesium, compared to G1 and G2. G1 and G2 dogs showed a decrease in the fractional excretion of electrolytes, which differed from G3 dogs. These results suggest that dogs with an affected renal function present alterationsthat depend on the severity and stage of the disease. These alterations were found in the FE of electrolytes in different groups; in addition, Mg and were shown to be more sensitive after detecting early compromise in renal function.

Hemivertebra is a congenital malformation, that affects small and brachicephalic breeds particularly those with short and twisted tail. Its origin is hereditary. It becomes from an inappropriate or incomplete embryo development of a vertebrae or due to its vascularization or ossification. Hemivertebras are cuneiform vertebrae and its vertex may be lead dorsally, ventrally or medianly through the mean line. It happens mostly in thoracic vertebras. Symptomatology is varied; the most important is pain, showed by young animals, three or four months of age with weakness of posterior limbs. It could be found pain at back when palpations near the hemivertebra. In puppies with those symptoms, the paralysis in posterior limbs gets worse; they can show muscular atrophy, and no control of bladder and intestines. Final diagnostic of hemivertebra must be done with radiological studies of spinal column and the treatment consists in decompress the vertebral body involved and a stabilization of the spinal column. This study presents the case of a male Bulldog, six months old, which is taken to the clinic because of pain, and neurological symptomatology and after many clinical exams a hemivertebra was confirmed. The patient had a surgery for its treatment and all steps of the surgical process are shown.

The anterior cruciform ligament is the main articulation stabilizer of the canine knee. Its lesion has a degree of uncertainty that unchains a degenerative osteoarthritis and damage to the internal meniscus in most of the cases. The rupture of the anterior cruciform ligament (RACL) is one of the most common pathologies in canine’s knee. This pathology is related to the patient conditions such as size, weight, exercise, and diverse biomechanical factors of each animal. RACL is generally accompanied by complications like lesions on the meniscus and ligaments, inflammation and pain. For treatment of RACL they have set up a wide variety of surgical methods, which implies a total approaching of the articulation. The modified hammock method allows a successful resolution of the problem with a minimally invasive approaching and excellent articulation stabilization which allows a quick recovery and adequate.