<strong>Introduction:</strong> The knowledge of the variables associated with the prevalence of clinical mastitis (PCM) can help to design more efficient control measures. Objectives: To quantify PCM in a specialized dairy herd, according to the influence of birth order (BO) and the effect of racial component (RC). <strong>Materials and methods:</strong> A transversal study was carried out to calculate PCM according to BO (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, or more), conditional probability (CP), PCM for each RC, and PCM according to BO for each RC. The χ² test was performed. <strong>Results:</strong> An overall PCM of 15% was observed. A directly proportional relationship was established between BO and PCM. The calculated prevalences were 9.9, 10.9, 12.2, 21.6, 21.7, and 21.4% for BO 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 or more, respectively, with significant statistical differences. CP varied between 9% (BO 1 and 2) and 22.8% (BO 3 and 4). A PCM of 16.7% was observed for Holstein (H) cows, 8.9% for Holstein F1 with Blanco Orejinegro cows (BON), and 9.4% for ¾ H × ¼ BON, with no significant differences. However, when comparing H with BON crosses, regardless of the percentage of the BON racial components, significant statistical differences were observed. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> PCM increases with increased BO therefore, disease surveillance programs should be intensified in older cows. The BON breed contributes a rusticity factor to its crosses that decreases PCM.

RESUMEN: Las heridas traumáticas representan uno de los motivos más frecuentes de consulta en cirugía veterinaria. El desconocimiento de los principios básicos del tratamiento que rigen estos accidentes desencadena complicaciones, con secuelas en la función o la estética del animal. En la práctica clínica con animales domésticos se observan frecuentemente heridas como laceraciones, avulsiones, punciones e incisiones. Entender los mecanismos etiológicos que producen las heridas permite establecer el alcance de   la lesión en cuanto a cantidad de tejido necrótico y grado de contaminación presente en la misma; estos mecanismos son factores clave a la hora de orientar el tratamiento y el tipo de cierre que hay que emplear. En pequeños animales comúnmente se presentan avulsiones, producto de accidentes con automóviles, heridas que suelen tener considerable tejido necrótico muy contaminado, mientras que en los caballos las punciones en las extremidades muchas veces transportan microorganismos a lo profundo de los tejidos e implican estructuras sinoviales de cápsulas articulares o vainas tendinosas con graves consecuencias cuando no se tratan como una urgencia. De otra parte, es fundamental para el practicante conocer el fenómeno de cicatrización tisular y la forma en que puede afectarse de manera adversa cuando se utilizan medicamentos, especialmente desinfectantes, de forma poco técnica. El objetivo de este artículo es discutir los conceptos terapéuticos más esenciales del manejo de las heridas.

The purpose of this paper is to characterize and estimate the prevalence of oral diseases in working horses in the Department of Caldas, Colombia. The variables, presence or absence of a disease in the oral cavity, body condition (BC), age, gender, species (mule or horse) and type of food were recorded. To analyze the information, four age groups were created: young adult, mature, old. They were divided into three groups according to BC: poor or thin (1-2-3), healthy (4-5-6) and obese (7-8-9), and three feeding groups were observed: type 1, forage; type 2, forage + concentrated food, and type 3, forage + products made from sugar cane (cachaza). All the analysis were performed using SAS software. The prevalence of each disease was calculated using Chi-square (c2). The effect of age groups, BC and feeding on the various oral diseases was evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The significance level was set at p <0.05. The prevalence of oral disease found was 76.5% (n = 400). Thirtytwo (32) different oral abnormalities were diagnosed. BC and age had a significant effect on the likelihood of association to oral disease (p < 0.01). The effect of feeding type on the likelihood of oral disease was significant (p = 0.04), while the effects of gender and species were not. The horses studied had not received any previous dental treatment, which is an important field for professionals in the region.

There is an assumption that the feeding of horses with feeding-through is empirical in the Antioquia Province. This article aims to characterize the feeding methods of the Colombian native horses kept in stables. To do so, 14 feeding-throughs were visited (103 horses), and the following information was gathered: age, physiological status (pregnant, lactating, growing, work intensity), weight, body condition, ration (weight of each 24-hours food piece provided). The balance between digestible energy and gross protein, dry matter consumption, and the ratio forage/concentrate based on their physiological status were calculated. It was found that a high percentage of subjects are obese and do mild-to-moderate physical work. Most of the feeding-throughs provide the daily ration divided into three takes per day, and the ratio forage/concentrate was inappropriate in 28.6% of the subjects. Based on the living weight, consumption of dry matter given in percentage was found at an average of 2.5%, ranging from 1.6 to 3.4%. The nutritional balance of energy indicated 15 subjects (14.5%) in equilibrium. In excess were found 84 subjects (81.5%). The protein balance indicated six subjects in equilibrium (5.8%). In excess were found 85 subjects (82.5%). Twelve subjects were found in deficit (11.6%). In conclusion, dividing the ration into three takes per day leads to an inappropriate ratio of rofage/concentrate. Providing the dry matter without considering the physiological status and the excess of digestible energy and gross protein in the ration are also frequent fallencies that predispose the subjects to digestive pathologies and laminitis.

Las enfermedades orales son uno de los principales problemas del caballo y constituyen un área de importancia fundamental en la práctica veterinaria. Los problemas orales ocupan el tercer lugar en la casuística global de esta especie, siendo las anormalidades dentales las responsables de la gran mayoría de las condiciones observadas. Es frecuente encontrar anormalidades en el desgaste de los dientes premolares y molares, y de todas las piezas dentarias estas son las que presenta una prevalencia de afección más alta. Adicionalmente, estudios post-mortem han mostrado una gran proporción de animales enfermos que clínicamente no manifestaban el problema durante su vida. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar brevemente las principales patologías orales del caballo y describir las enfermedades que los autores han observado con más frecuencia en su experiencia. AbstractThe oral diseases are one of the most important problems of the horse and constitute a fundamental area of importance in the veterinary practice. The oral problems occupy the third place in the casuistic presentation in this specie, and the dental abnormalities are the responsible of the great majority of the conditions seen. It is common fi nd out abnormalities in the wearing of the premolars and molars teeth, and of all teeth, these are which present a higher, prevalence of affection. Additionally, postmortem studies have shown a great proportion of sick animals that clinically did not show the problem during their lives. The target of this article is to review shortly the principal oral pathologies of the horse and discover the illnesses that the authors have seen more frequently in their experience.

External fixators are highly versatile orthopedic devices. They can replace plates and intramedullary nails in many situations. They are inexpensive, easy to apply, and the surgical time required to install them is often much less than what is needed to place a plate or an intramedullary nail. These devices have proven to be very effective to counteract the mechanical forces produced in the focus of the fracture. This article aims to describe five cases that illustrate the usefulness of this device in orthopedic surgery of small species.

Se describe el caso de un equino que desarrolló graves lesiones digestivas después de recibir dosis altas de fenilbutazona (FBZ) para tratar una claudicación. Al momento de la consulta tenía 9 días de evolución. Desde su llegada al hospital, se observó cojera grave de las cuatro extremidades, deshidratación y diarrea fétida. Luego del examen físico, la anamnesis y las ayudas diagnósticas se propuso un dictamen de laminitis traumática, gastritis ulcerativa y colitis por intoxicación con antiinflamatorios no esteroides (AINES). La condición empeoró a pesar de la terapia y cuando se presentaron signos neurológicos se sugirió la eutanasia. Durante la necropsia se observaron lesiones graves en el tracto gastrointestinal, cascos y encéfalo. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la sintomatología, terapia y evolución de un paciente intoxicado con aines. Abstract It is described a clinic case of an equine that developed severe digestive lesions after taking high dosage of phenylbutazone to treat a lameness. At the moment of checking, it had nine days of evolution. Since its arriving to the hospital, it was seen an intense lameness of the four limbs, dehydration and fetid diarrhea. After the physic exam, the interrogatory and the diagnostic aids it was proposed a diagnosis of traumatic laminitis, ulcerative gastritis and colitis by intoxication with Non-steroidal anti-inflamatory drug (NSAIDs). The condition became worse despite the therapy and when the neurological signs were presented. It was suggested the euthanasia. During the necropsy, it was seen severe lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, hooves and brain. The objective of this article is to describe la symptomatology, therapy and evolution of the intoxicated patient with NSAIDs. ResumoDescreve-se o caso de um cavalo que desenvolveu lesões digestivas graves após receber altas doses de fenilbutazona (FBZ) para tratar uma claudicação. No momento da consulta havia 9 dias de evolução. Desde sua chegada ao hospital, observou-se manqueira grave nas quatro extremidades, desidratação e diarréia fétida. Após o exame físico, a anamnese e os meios diagnósticos concluiu-se se tratar de laminite traumática, gastrite ulcerativa e colite por intoxicaçãocom anti-inflamatórios não esteróides (AINES). A condição piorou apesar do tratamento e, quando apresentou sinais neurológicos, sugeriu-se a eutanásia. Na necrópsia observaram-se lesões graves no trato gastrointestinal, cascos e enféfalo. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever os sintomas, o tratamento e a evolução de um paciente intoxicado com AINES.

This report describe 2 cases, which were submitted to the “Diego Villegas Toro” Veterinary Hospital of the Caldas University, with severe pneumonia. After physical examination and various tests, it was concluded that the most likely diagnoses included: cricopharyngeal achalasia (AC) and pharyngeal dysphagia (DF). We discuss the therapeutic alternatives and the clinical course of patients and mention the therapeutic essay realized in a patient according to literature suggestions.

Introducción: después de la piel, las glándulas mamarias son el sitio más común de afectación tumoral en las perras.Objetivos: evaluar la supervivencia en caninos afectados por neoplasias de la glándula mamaria que fueron sometidosa cirugía, relacionando el diagnóstico histopatológico con factores clínicos de pronóstico. Metodología: se incluyeron52 perras. El tratamiento instaurado fue mastectomía, previo análisis sanguíneo y radiográfico del tórax con el finde descartar metástasis. En 13 individuos se realizó la eutanasia debido al avanzado estado de la enfermedad. Lasvariables analizadas fueron: frecuencia de presentación, edad, historia reproductiva, dieta, tratamientos hormonalesprevios, estadificación clínica, recidivas y supervivencia. El análisis estadístico de las variables se realizó medianteel análisis de varianza y tablas de contingencia asociadas a la prueba de chi cuadrado (Χ2). Resultados: El efecto deltipo de diagnóstico sobre las variables supervivencia, edad y pseudogestación evidenciaron diferencias significativas(p<0,05), contrario a esto, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en el tipo de diagnóstico para las variablestratamiento hormonal, dieta, esterilización temprana y recidivas. Conclusiones: el factor pronóstico determinanteen la sobrevida fue el patrón histopatológico tumoral (tipo de diagnóstico), los animales con pseudogestaciónevidenciaron una mayor susceptibilidad a padecer cáncer mamario. Los tumores benignos se manifestaron en edadesmás tardías que los malignos. Clinical prognosis and biological factors associated with survival in canines affected by breast neoplasmsIntroduction: After the skin, breast glands are the location most commonly affected by tumors in bitches.Objectives: to evaluate the survival rate in canines affected by breast neoplasms submitted to surgery, relating thehistopathological diagnosis with clinical factors of prognosis. Methodology: 52 bitches were included. The treatmentestablished included mastectomy, previous blood and chest radiographic analysis in order to rule out metastasis. In13 individuals, euthanasia was performed due to the advanced state of the disease. The variables analyzed were:frequency of presentation, age, reproductive history, diet, previous hormonal treatment, clinical stage, recurrenceand survival. Statistical analysis of the variables was performed through analysis of variance and contingency tablesbased on chi-square tests (Χ2). Results: The effect of type of diagnosis on survival, age and pseudopregnancy showedsignificant differences (p<0.05). Opposite to this, no significant differences of the type of diagnosis on hormonaltreatment, diet, early neutering and recurrence were observed. Conclusions: the determinant prognostic factor onsurvival was tumoral histopathological pattern (type of diagnosis). Animals with pseudopregnancy showed a highersusceptibility to suffer breast neoplasms. Benign tumors were observed in later ages than malignant.Keywords: Breast neoplasms, canines, mastectomy, survival. Prognóstico clínico e fatores biológicos associados a supervivência em caninosafetados por neoplasias mamariasIntrodução: depois da pele, as glâdulas mamarias são o sitio mais comum de afetação tumoral nas cadelas. Objetivo:avaliar a supervivência em cadelas afetados por neoplasias na glândula mamaria e que foram submetidas a cirurgia,relacionando além o diagnóstico histopatológico com fatores clínicos de prognóstico. Metodologia: incluíramse52 cadelas. O tratamento instaurado foi mastectomia, prévio analise sanguíneo e radiográfico do tórax com ofim de descartar metástase. Em 13 indivíduos realizou-se a eutanásia devido ao avançado estado da doença. Asvariáveis analisadas foram: frequência de apresentação, idade, história reprodutiva, dieta, tratamentos hormonaisprévios, estadificação clínica, recidiva e sobrevivência. O analise estatístico das variáveis realizou-se mediante oanalise de variância e tabelas de contingência associadas ao teste chi quadrado (X2). Resultados: O efeito do tipo dediagnóstico sobre as variáveis supervivência, idade e pseudogestação evidenciaram diferenças significativas (p<0.05),contrário a isto, não se encontraram diferenças significativas no tipo de diagnostico para as variáveis tratamentohormonal, dieta, esterilização juvenil e recidivas. Conclusões: o fator prognóstico determinante na sobrevida foio padrão histopatológico tumoral (tipo de diagnostico), os animais com pseudogestação evidenciaram uma maiorsusceptibilidade a padecer câncer mamário. Os tumores benignos manifestaram-se em idades mais tardias que osmalignos.Palavras chave:Caninos, mastectomia, neoplasias mamarias, sobrevida

La malnutrición calórico-proteica es una condición frecuente en la falla hepática. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la suplementación con aminoácidos de cadena ramificada (ACR), en la dieta de ratas con hepatitis crónica. Se generó daño hepático, aplicando tetracloruro de carbono (CCL4), durante diez semanas, en todos los tratamientos, excepto en el control. Las unidades experimentales fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a seis tratamientos: valina, leucina, isoleucina, los tres ACR, CCL4 y control, con cinco repeticiones por tratamiento y tres animales por unidad experimental. Se midió la concentración sérica de albúmina. Las lesiones tisulares histopatológicas fueron evaluadas, asignando un valor de cero a tres a variables, como infiltración celular, vacuolización y fibrosis. Se monitoreó la ganancia de peso, el consumo de alimento y los signos relacionados con daño hepático. Las muestras fueron tomadas en la semana 6, 8 y 10 del experimento. Se realizó un análisis de varianza, fijando una significancia de p<0,05 y la prueba de comparación múltiple de Tukey, en la presencia de diferencia estadísticamente significativa. El suplemento de la dieta con ACR no alteró la progresión de la fibrogénesis; sin embargo, las ratas bajo el tratamiento valina, mostraron un peso significativamente superior. Los animales en los tratamientos leucina y valina exhibieron un consumo de alimento significativamente superiores. En ningún tratamiento se observaron signos de insuficiencia hepática. Se concluye que la suplementación con ACR valina y leucina podrían tener un efecto benéfico en el desbalance proteico, que se presenta en la enfermedad hepática crónica.  

RESUMEN: La aparición de cólico en la yegua preñada o en el periodo del posparto temprano, se debe a desórdenes que afectan primariamente el tracto digestivo o el sistema reproductor. Puede ser difícil diferenciar entre el dolor abdominal de origen digestivo y el dolor de origen genital. Los problemas asociados con el tracto reproductivo incluyen patologías del útero, tales como: torsión uterina, contracciones producidas durante la expulsión de las membranas fetales, prolapso, desgarros uterinos o hemorragia arterial. El útero   es rara vez la fuente de dolor abdominal en la yegua preñada, si bien ante la presencia de cólico en el último trimestre de este periodo debe pensarse en torsión uterina. El objetivo de este artículo es describir un caso de torsión uterina en una yegua de raza criollo colombiana.